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- Four_tones_(Chinese) abstract "The four tones of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes of Chinese words. They play an important role in Chinese poetry and in comparative studies of tonal development in the modern varieties of Chinese, both in traditional Chinese and in Western linguistics. They derive from the four phonemic tones of Middle Chinese, and are named even AKA level (平 píng), rising (上 shǎng), going AKA departing (去 qù), and entering AKA checked (入 rù). (The last three are collectively referred to as oblique 仄 (zè), an important concept in poetic tone patterns.) Due to historic splits and mergers, none of the modern varieties of Chinese have the exact four tones of Middle Chinese, but they are noted in rhyming dictionaries.Early Middle Chinese had three phonemic tones in most syllables, but no tonal distinctions in checked syllables ending in the stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/. In most circumstances, every syllable had its own tone; hence a multisyllabic word typically had a tone assigned to each syllable. (In modern varieties, the situation is sometimes more complicated. Although each syllable typically still has its own underlying tone in most dialects, some syllables in the speech of some varieties may have their tone modified into other tones or neutralized entirely, by a process known as tone sandhi.)Because the actual pitch contour of the syllables ending in a stop consonant was quite distinct from the contour of any of the three phonemic tones, traditional Chinese dialectology reckons these syllables as possessing a fourth tone, known technically as a checked tone. This tone is known in traditional Chinese linguistics as the entering (入 rù) tone, a term commonly used in English as well. The other three tones were termed the level (or even) tone (平 píng), the rising (上 shǎng) tone, and the departing (or going) tone (去 qù). They are nearly always presented in the order level (平 píng), rising (上 shǎng), departing (去 qù), entering (入 rù), and correspondingly numbered 1 2 3 4 in modern discussions. From the perspective of modern historical linguistics, there is often value in treating the "entering tone" as a tone despite its non-phonemic status, because syllables possessing this "tone" typically develop differently from syllables possessing any of the three phonemic tones. For clarity, these four "tones" are often referred to as tone classes, with each word belonging to one of the four tone classes. This reflects the fact that the lexical division of words into tone classes is based on tone, but not all tone classes necessarily have a distinct phonemic tone associated with them.In Late Middle Chinese (LMC), each of the Early Middle Chinese (EMC) tone classes split in two, depending on the nature of the initial consonant of the syllable in question. Discussions of LMC and the various modern varieties will often number these split tone classes from 1 through 8, keeping the same ordering as before. For example, LMC/modern tone classes 1 and 2 derive from EMC tone class 1; LMC/modern tone classes 3 and 4 derive from EMC tone class 2; etc. The odd-numbered tone classes 1 3 5 7 are termed dark (陰 yīn), while the even-numbered tone classes 2 4 6 8 are termed light (陽 yáng). Hence, for example, LMC/modern tone class 5 is known in Chinese as the yīn qù ("dark departing") tone, indicating that it is the yīn variant of the EMC qù tone (EMC tone 3). In order to clarify the relationship between the EMC and LMC tone classes, some authors notate the LMC tone classes as 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b in place of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8, where a and b correspond directly to Chinese yīn and yáng, respectively.".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) thumbnail Four-tone_hand_diagram.png?width=300.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) wikiPageID "25530603".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) wikiPageRevisionID "567073626".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) hasPhotoCollection Four_tones_(Chinese).
- Four_tones_(Chinese) p "sìshēng".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) s "四声".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) t "四聲".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) subject Category:Chinese_language.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) subject Category:Phonetics.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) comment "The four tones of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes of Chinese words. They play an important role in Chinese poetry and in comparative studies of tonal development in the modern varieties of Chinese, both in traditional Chinese and in Western linguistics.".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) label "Four tones (Chinese)".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) label "四声".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) label "四聲".
- Four_tones_(Chinese) sameAs 四声.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) sameAs 사성.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) sameAs m.0cc591l.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) sameAs Q836378.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) sameAs Q836378.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) wasDerivedFrom Four_tones_(Chinese)?oldid=567073626.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) depiction Four-tone_hand_diagram.png.
- Four_tones_(Chinese) isPrimaryTopicOf Four_tones_(Chinese).