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- Gray's_paradox abstract "Gray's Paradox is a paradox posed in 1936 by British zoologist Sir James Gray. The paradox was to figure out how dolphins can obtain such high speeds and accelerations with what appears to be a small muscle mass. Gray made an estimate of the power a dolphin could exert based on its physiology, and concluded the power was insufficient to overcome the drag forces in water. He hypothesized that Dolphin's skin must have special anti-drag properties.In 2008, researchers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, West Chester University and the University of California, Santa Cruz used digital particle image velocimetry to prove Gray wrong.They video taped a pair of dolphins swimming through a section of water filled with hundreds of thousands of air bubbles. A computer and force measurement tools developed for aerospace were then used to study the particle-image velocimetry which was captured at 1,000 frames per second (fps). This allowed the team to measure the force exerted by a dolphin. Results showed the dolphin to exert approximately 200 lb of force every time it thrust its tail, (10 times more than Gray hypothesized) and at peak force can exert between 300 to 400 lb.In 2009, researchers from the National Chung Hsing University in Taiwan introduced new concepts of “kidnapped airfoils” and “circulating horsepower” to explain the swimming capabilities of the swordfish. Swordfish swim at even higher speeds and accelerations than dolphins. The researchers claim their analysis also "solves the perplexity of dolphin’s Gray paradox".Timothy Wei, professor and acting dean of Rensselaer’s School of Engineering, videotaped two bottlenose dolphins, Primo and Puka, as they swam through a section of water populated with hundreds of thousands of tiny air bubbles. He then used sophisticated computer software to track the movement of the bubbles. The color-coded results show the speed and in what direction the water is flowing around and behind the dolphin, which allowed researchers to calculate precisely how much force the dolphin was producing.Wei also used this technique to film dolphins as they were doing tail-stands, a trick where the dolphins “walk” on water by holding most of their bodies vertical above the water while supporting themselves with short, powerful thrusts of their tails.The results show that dolphins produce on average about 200 pounds of force when flapping their tail — about 10 times more force than Gray originally hypothesized.".
- Gray's_paradox wikiPageExternalLink 977.full.pdf+html.
- Gray's_paradox wikiPageExternalLink 081124131334.htm.
- Gray's_paradox wikiPageID "25038967".
- Gray's_paradox wikiPageRevisionID "601319160".
- Gray's_paradox hasPhotoCollection Gray's_paradox.
- Gray's_paradox subject Category:Biomechanics.
- Gray's_paradox subject Category:Dolphins.
- Gray's_paradox subject Category:Paradoxes.
- Gray's_paradox subject Category:Zoology.
- Gray's_paradox type Abstraction100002137.
- Gray's_paradox type Communication100033020.
- Gray's_paradox type Contradiction107206887.
- Gray's_paradox type Falsehood106756407.
- Gray's_paradox type Message106598915.
- Gray's_paradox type Paradox106724559.
- Gray's_paradox type Paradoxes.
- Gray's_paradox type Statement106722453.
- Gray's_paradox comment "Gray's Paradox is a paradox posed in 1936 by British zoologist Sir James Gray. The paradox was to figure out how dolphins can obtain such high speeds and accelerations with what appears to be a small muscle mass. Gray made an estimate of the power a dolphin could exert based on its physiology, and concluded the power was insufficient to overcome the drag forces in water.".
- Gray's_paradox label "Gray's paradox".
- Gray's_paradox label "Graysches Paradoxon".
- Gray's_paradox label "مفارقة جراي".
- Gray's_paradox sameAs Graysches_Paradoxon.
- Gray's_paradox sameAs m.09gdk81.
- Gray's_paradox sameAs Q913759.
- Gray's_paradox sameAs Q913759.
- Gray's_paradox sameAs Gray's_paradox.
- Gray's_paradox wasDerivedFrom Gray's_paradox?oldid=601319160.
- Gray's_paradox isPrimaryTopicOf Gray's_paradox.