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- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) abstract "The Kingdom of Hungary, a country in Central Europe, came into being in the High Middle Ages, when Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion and state was taken from Slavic languages. Civil wars, pagan uprisings and the Holy Roman Emperors' unsuccessful attempts to expand their authority over Hungary jeopardized the new monarchy. Its position stabilized under Ladislaus I (1077–1095) and Coloman (1095–1116). They occupied Croatia and Dalmatia, but both realms reserved their autonomous position. Their successors—especially Béla II (1131–1141), Béla III (1176–1196), Andrew II (1205–1235), and Béla IV (1235–1270)—continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands to the east of the Carpathian Mountains, transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe. Rich in uncultivated lands and in silver, gold, and salt deposits, the kingdom became a preferred target of the continuous immigration of mainly German, Italian and French colonists. The colonists were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but also large number of townsfolk arrived as craftsmen and merchants. Their arrival contributed to the development of Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and many other cities and large number of villages in various parts of the Kingdom. Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, Hungary was affected by several cultural trends. Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings, and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture of the Kingdom, but Orthodox, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" (János M. Bak) contributed to the survival of a number of tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects.The predominance of royal estates initially ensured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders. They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222, "one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch" (Francis Fukuyama). The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241-42. Thereafter Cuman and Jassic groups were settled in the central lowlands and colonists arrived from Moravia, Poland and other nearby countries. The erection of fortresses by landlords, which was promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols, contributed to the development of semi-autonomous "provinces" dominated by powerful magnates. Some of these magnates even challanged the authority of Andrew III (1290–1301), the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty. After his death a period of interregnum interrupted royal power in the early 14th century.".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) thumbnail Lechfeld1457.jpg?width=300.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) wikiPageID "41235373".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) wikiPageRevisionID "604717632".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) align "left".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) align "right".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) quote ""If any warrior debased by lewdness abducts a girl to be his wife without the consent of her parents, we decreed that the girl should be returned to her parents, even if he did anything by force to her, and the abductor shall pay ten steers for the abduction, although he may afterwards have made peace with the girl's parents."".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) quote ""If anyone of the rank of count has even in a trivial matter offended against the king or, as sometimes happens, has been unjustly accused of this, an emissary from the court, though he be of very lowly station and unattended, seizes him in the midst of his retinue, puts him in chains, and drags him off to various forms of punishment. No formal sentence is asked of the prince through his peers, no opportunity of defending himself is granted the accused, but the will of the prince alone is held by all as sufficient."".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) quote ""No one shall buy or sell except in the market. If, in violation of this anyone buys stolen property, everyone shall perish: the buyer, the seller, and the witnesses. If, however, they agreed to sell something of their own, they shall lose that thing and its price, and the witnesses shall lose as much too. But if the deal was made in the market, and agreement shall be concluded in front of a judge, a toll-gatherer, and witnesses, and if the purchased goods later appear to be stolen, the buyer shall escape penalty . "".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) quote "[The Mongols] "burnt the church" [in Nagyvárad ]", together with the women and whatever there was in the church. In other churches they perpetrated such crimes to the women that it is better to keep silent . Then they ruthlessly beheaded the nobles, citizens, soldiers and canons on a field outside the city. After they had destroyed everything, and an intolerable stench arose from the corpses, they left the place empty. People hiding in the nearby forests came back to find some food. And while they were searching among the stones and the corpses, the" [Mongols] "suddenly returned and of those living whom they found there, none was left alive."".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) source Otto_of_Freising.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) source "Book One of the Laws of King Stephen I".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) source "Book Two of the Laws of King Ladislaus I".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) source "Master Roger's Epistle".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) width "190".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) subject Category:History_of_Slovakia.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) subject Category:History_of_Transylvania.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) subject Category:Kingdom_of_Hungary.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) subject Category:Medieval_Hungary.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) comment "The Kingdom of Hungary, a country in Central Europe, came into being in the High Middle Ages, when Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion and state was taken from Slavic languages.".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) label "Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)".
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) sameAs Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301).
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) sameAs Q16056814.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) sameAs Q16056814.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) wasDerivedFrom Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301)?oldid=604717632.
- Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301) depiction Lechfeld1457.jpg.