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- Parkinson's_disease abstract "Parkinson's disease (PD also known as idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome/HRS, or paralysis agitans) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of this cell death is unknown. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Later, thinking and behavioral problems may arise, with dementia commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease, whereas depression is the most common psychiatric symptom. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep and emotional problems. Parkinson's disease is more common in older people, with most cases occurring after the age of 50.The main motor symptoms are collectively called parkinsonism, or a "parkinsonian syndrome". Parkinson's disease is often defined as a parkinsonian syndrome that is idiopathic (having no known cause), although some atypical cases have a genetic origin. Many risk and protective factors have been investigated: the clearest evidence is for an increased risk of PD in people exposed to certain pesticides and a reduced risk in tobacco smokers. The pathology of the disease is characterized by the accumulation of a protein called alpha-synuclein into inclusions called Lewy bodies in neurons, and from insufficient formation and activity of dopamine produced in certain neurons within parts of the midbrain. Lewy bodies are the pathological hallmark of the idiopathic disorder, and the distribution of the Lewy bodies throughout the Parkinsonian brain varies from one individual to another. The anatomical distribution of the Lewy bodies is often directly related to the expression and degree of the clinical symptoms of each individual. Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging being used for confirmation.Modern treatments are effective at managing the early motor symptoms of the disease, mainly through the use of levodopa and dopamine agonists. As the disease progresses and dopaminergic neurons continue to be lost, these drugs eventually become ineffective at treating the symptoms and at the same time produce a complication called dyskinesia, marked by involuntary writhing movements. Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at alleviating symptoms. Surgery and deep brain stimulation have been used to reduce motor symptoms as a last resort in severe cases where drugs are ineffective. Research directions include investigations into new animal models of the disease and of the potential usefulness of gene therapy, stem cell transplants and neuroprotective agents. Medications to treat non-movement-related symptoms of PD, such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems, also exist.The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson, who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy in 1817. Several major organizations promote research and improvement of quality of life of those with the disease and their families. Public awareness campaigns include Parkinson's disease day (on the birthday of James Parkinson, 11 April) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease. People with parkinsonism who have increased the public's awareness include actor Michael J. Fox, Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney and professional boxer Muhammad Ali.".
- Parkinson's_disease diseasesdb "9651".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicineSubject "neuro".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicineTopic "304".
- Parkinson's_disease icd10 "G20, F02.3".
- Parkinson's_disease icd9 "332".
- Parkinson's_disease medlineplus "000755".
- Parkinson's_disease omim "168600".
- Parkinson's_disease thumbnail Paralysis_agitans_(1907,_after_St._Leger).png?width=300.
- Parkinson's_disease wikiPageExternalLink parkinsons_disease.htm.
- Parkinson's_disease wikiPageExternalLink www.pdgene.org.
- Parkinson's_disease wikiPageExternalLink www.wpda.org.
- Parkinson's_disease wikiPageID "22228064".
- Parkinson's_disease wikiPageRevisionID "605444258".
- Parkinson's_disease alt "Two sketches of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.".
- Parkinson's_disease caption "Illustration of Parkinson's disease by William Richard Gowers, which was first published in A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System".
- Parkinson's_disease diseasesdb "9651".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicineMult "in young".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicineMult "rehab".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicinesubj "neuro".
- Parkinson's_disease emedicinetopic "304".
- Parkinson's_disease genereviewsname "Parkinson Disease Overview".
- Parkinson's_disease genereviewsnbk "NBK1223".
- Parkinson's_disease hasPhotoCollection Parkinson's_disease.
- Parkinson's_disease icd "332".
- Parkinson's_disease icd "G20, F02.3".
- Parkinson's_disease medlineplus "755".
- Parkinson's_disease name "Parkinson's disease".
- Parkinson's_disease omim "168600".
- Parkinson's_disease wordnet_type synset-disease-noun-1.
- Parkinson's_disease subject Category:Aging-associated_diseases.
- Parkinson's_disease subject Category:Cytoskeletal_defects.
- Parkinson's_disease subject Category:Geriatrics.
- Parkinson's_disease subject Category:Parkinson's_disease.
- Parkinson's_disease subject Category:Psychiatric_diagnosis.
- Parkinson's_disease type Abstraction100002137.
- Parkinson's_disease type Attribute100024264.
- Parkinson's_disease type Condition113920835.
- Parkinson's_disease type CytoskeletalDefects.
- Parkinson's_disease type Defect114464005.
- Parkinson's_disease type Disease114070360.
- Parkinson's_disease type IllHealth114052046.
- Parkinson's_disease type Illness114061805.
- Parkinson's_disease type Imperfection114462666.
- Parkinson's_disease type PathologicalState114051917.
- Parkinson's_disease type PhysicalCondition114034177.
- Parkinson's_disease type State100024720.
- Parkinson's_disease type Disease.
- Parkinson's_disease type AilmentCondition.
- Parkinson's_disease type Situation.
- Parkinson's_disease comment "Parkinson's disease (PD also known as idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome/HRS, or paralysis agitans) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of this cell death is unknown.".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Choroba Parkinsona".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Doença de Parkinson".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Enfermedad de Parkinson".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Maladie de Parkinson".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Malattia di Parkinson".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Parkinson's disease".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Parkinson-Krankheit".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Ziekte van Parkinson".
- Parkinson's_disease label "Болезнь Паркинсона".
- Parkinson's_disease label "مرض باركنسون".
- Parkinson's_disease label "パーキンソン病".
- Parkinson's_disease label "帕金森氏症".
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Parkinsonova_nemoc.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Parkinson-Krankheit.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Νόσος_του_Πάρκινσον.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Enfermedad_de_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Parkinsonen_gaixotasun.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Maladie_de_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Penyakit_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Malattia_di_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs パーキンソン病.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs 파킨슨병.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Ziekte_van_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Choroba_Parkinsona.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Doença_de_Parkinson.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Parkinson_Disease.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs m.0g02vk.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Q11085.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Q11085.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs 902.
- Parkinson's_disease sameAs Parkinson's_disease.
- Parkinson's_disease wasDerivedFrom Parkinson's_disease?oldid=605444258.
- Parkinson's_disease depiction Paralysis_agitans_(1907,_after_St._Leger).png.
- Parkinson's_disease isPrimaryTopicOf Parkinson's_disease.
- Parkinson's_disease name "Parkinson's disease".