Matches in LOV for { ?s <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> ?o. }
- HumanLanguageVariety comment "A term used in sociolinguistics and stylistics to refer to any system of linguistic expression whose use is governed by situational variables. In some cases, the situational distinctiveness of the language may be easily stated, as in many regional and occupational varieties; in other cases, as in studies of social class, the varieties are more difficult to define, involving the intersection of several variables. [Crystal 1997: 408]".
- LabialProperty comment "Gestures involving the lips are said to be Labial. From the linguistic point of view the places of articulation can usefully be classified into a smaller number of groups based on the articulators they share. If consonants in which either the upper or lower lip is involved as an articulator are classified as Labials then there are three place classes among Labial sounds: the lower lip can articulate with the upper lip (bilabial), or the upper teeth (labiodentals)l and, the upper lip can also be the target for the tongue (linguo-labial). [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 10; 15-15]".
- Language comment "The most fundamental means of human communication. Language is a purely human activity, although some animals have communication systems which have certain analogies to human language. All human beings use language to interact with other members of the same speech community. Language is not only used as an instrument of communication, however, but also as a means of individual expression. Language is not instinctive; it has to be learnt as a system of arbitrary conventional symbols. Such symbols are primarily vocal, produced by the so-called organs of speech, but secondary systems such as writing and other codes may complement the vocalsystem. Some linguists, such as F. de Saussure, have stressed the view of language as general patterns in the speech of a community and as the speaking activity of an individual in a particular situation; others, with N.Chomsky, regard language as the innate capability of native speakers to understand and form grammatical sentences as as the actual utterances produced at a given time. [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 123-124]".
- LaryngealProperty comment "The laryngeal setting refers to differences in the timing of laryngeal activity in relation to oral articulation. Most languages have phonemic contrasts between classes of stops which differ in the mode of action of the larynx, or in the timing of laryngeal activity. [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 47]".
- LateralProperty comment "Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with complete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. [Ladefoged 2000: 11]".
- LexicalItem comment "A unit of the vocabulary of a language such as a word, phrase or term as listed in a dictionary. It usually has a pronounceable or graphic form, fulfils a grammatical role in a sentence, and carries semantic meaning. [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 128]".
- Lexicon comment "In its most general sense, the term is synonymous with vocabulary. A dictionary can be seen as a set of lexical entries. The lexicon has a special status in generative grammar, where it refers to the component containing all the information about the structural properties of the lexical items in a language. [Crystal 2008: 278] In linguistics, ... we don't normally speak of the vocabulary of a particular language; instead, we speak of the lexicon, the total store of words available to a speaker. Very commonly, the lexicon is not regarded merely as a long list of words. Rather, we conceive the lexicon as a set of lexical resources, including the morphemes of the languages, plus the processes available in the language for constructing words from those resources. Apart from the lexicon of a language as a whole, psycholinguists are interested in the mental lexicon, the words and lexical resources stored in an individual brain. [Trask 1999: 166-167]".
- LinguisticDataStructure comment "A linguistic data structure is an abstract container for grouping together instances of linguistic data, usually to suit a particular theory or computational implementation. Examples include: feature structures, lexical entries, and paradigms.".
- LinguisticExpression comment "A LinguisticExpression is any physical form (sound, visual image or sequence thereof) used to represent a linguistic unit. A linguistic expression may be spoken, written, or signed. A linguistic expression is distinct form the actual process (speaking, writing, signing) that produces the expression.".
- LinguisticProperty comment "LinguisticProperty is the class of properties that pertain to linguistic units. A unit's properties determine its behavior in a grammatical system. Specific kinds of properties are relevant to certain types of units. In some language, for example, tense properties may be relevant for verbs. See also Feature and FeatureValue for the corresponding data structure for properties.".
- LinguisticSign comment "A linguistic sign is an abstract structure whose instances participate in a linguistic system, or language. By definition, a linguistic sign must have a form component (whose elements are phonological units), a grammatical component (whose elements are grammatical units), and a meaning component (whose elements are semantic units). The formal structure of a linguistic sign is determined by the grammar of a language. The information value of a linguistic sign, its meaning, is not fixed, but determined by the conventions of the language. The relation of form to meaning is largely arbitrary within a semiotic system. Signs are classified primarily according to what kinds of formal relations they participate in, and, secondly, according to their complexity (whether they are atomic or composed of other signs). Signs range from morphological and syntactic constructions to whole discourse segments [de Saussure 1983; Hervey 1979; Pollard and Sag 1994].".
- LinguisticSystem comment "A term used to describe a language as a whole, with each of its component parts functioning according to an overall convention of usage to enable the members of a speech community to interchange information. Most linguists agree on a 'system of systems', i.e. the arrangement of units on hierarchically ordered and inter-related levels. [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 231]".
- LinguisticTaxon comment "LinguisticTaxon is the class of Taxons whose instances are used in the scientific classification language varieties. That is, instances of LinguisticTaxon have instances that are human language varieties.".
- LinguisticUnit comment "This term is often used in linguistics and phonetics to refer to any entity which constitutes the focus of an enquiry. The unit is the stretch of language that carries grammatical patterns, and within which grammatical choices are made. For example, the unit sentence consists of one or more instances of the unit clause, and so on. [Crystal 2008: 503]".
- MannerProperty comment "A sound property referring to the kind of articulatory process used in a sound's production. The distinction between vowel and consonant is usually made in terms of manner of articulation. Within consonants, several articulatory types are recognized based on the type of closure made by the vocal organs. Within vowels, classification is based on the number of auditory qualities distinguishable in the sound, the position of the soft palate, and the type of lip position. [Crystal 1997: 232]".
- ModalityProperty comment "ModalityProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of the status of the proposition itself, and not of the event to which the proposition refers, cf. AspectProperty. As a grammatical property, it represents those dimensions in the domains of knowledge (epistemic modality), social relations (deontic modality) and ability (abilitative modality), and possibly others. [Palmer 2001: 1, 7-10]".
- MoodProperty comment "MoodProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of mood of a proposition. Among the traditionally defined properties are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. This class of properties contains both attitude (e.g. optative, volitive, subjunctive) and speech-act (e.g. imperative, commissive) values.".
- Morpheme comment "The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, and the minimal distinctive unit of grammar. Morphemes are commonly classified into free forms (morphemes which can occur as separate words) adn bound forms (morphemes which cannot so occur - mainly affixes). A further distinction may be made between lexical and grammatical morphemes; the former are morphemes used for the construction of new words in a language; the latter are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context. [Crystal 2008: 300]".
- MorphosemanticProperty comment "A property whose values are not involved in agreement or government, but are inherent only. That is, the elements on which the values are found are not controllers of agreement. Because it is not involved in either agreement or government, a morphosemantic feature is not relevant to syntax. [Kibort 2008f]".
- MorphosyntacticProperty comment "MorphosyntacticFeature is the class of linguistic features that govern the grammatical behavior of morphosyntactic units. E.g., two morphosyntactic units can agree according to shared morphosyntactic features. Morphosyntactic features are also called grammatical categories. This class is intended to represent only the formal aspects of morphosyntax; that is, there is no notional component. In a grammatical system, such features occur in contrast to one another other, and are typically expressed in the same fashion. [Crystal 1985: 43-44; Hopper, P. 1992: 81; Bybee 1985: 191]".
- NasalityProperty comment "The class of properties that describe the degree to which the velum or soft palate is raised or lowered, allowing or prohibiting air from escaping through the nose. [Kenstowicz 1994: 143]".
- Noun comment "A term used in the grammatical classification of words, traditionally defines as the \"name of a person, place or thing,\" but the vagueness associated with the notions of \"name\" and \"thing\" (e.g. is 'beauty' a thing?) has led linguistic descriptions to analyze this class in terms of the formal and functional criteria of syntax and morphology. In linguistic terms, nouns are items which display certain types of inflection (e.g. of case or number), have a specific distribution (e.g. they may follow prepositions but not, say, modals), and perform a specific syntactic function (e.g. as subject or object of a sentence). Nouns are generally subclassified into common and proper types, and analyzed in terms of number, gender, case and countability. [Crystal 2008: 320]".
- NumberProperty comment "NumberProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of quantity. It is often found on nouns, pronouns, and verbs and expresses count distinctions--such as 'one' or 'more than one'. The count distinctions typically, but not always, correspond to the actual count of the referents of the marked noun or Pronoun. [Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155]".
- Numeral comment "A numeral is a partOfSpeech whose members function most typically as adjectives or pronouns and express a number, or relation to the number, such as one of the following: quantity, sequence, frequency, fraction [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 149].".
- Object comment "Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of processes, the complement of objects in the physical class. In a 4D ontology, an object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis. [SUMO 2010]".
- OrthographicPart comment "An OrthographicPart is a unit of an orthography that is not orthographically independent, that is, not necessarily able to stand alone as an orthographic word set off by whitespace. In the printed instance of the word 'conceive', 'eive' is an instance of orthographic part. Note that an orthographic part is not the same as a single glyph, although, some orthographic parts are single glyphs.".
- OrthographicPhrase comment "An OrthographicPhrase is a sequence of orthographic words.".
- PartOfSpeechProperty comment "The property that identifies the grammatical class of a word. The main 'parts of speech' recognized by most school grammars derive from the work of the ancient Greek and Roman grammarians, primarily the noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction and interjection, with article, participle, and others often added. Because of the inexplicitness with which these terms were traditionally defined and the restricted nature of their definitions, it has become preferable to use such terms as word-class or form-class, where the grouping is based on formal criteria of a more universally applicable kind. [Crystal 1997: 280]".
- Particle comment "A term used to refer to an invariable item with grammatical function, especially one which does not readily fit into a standard classification of parts of speech. [Crystal 1997: 279-280]".
- PersonProperty comment "PersonProperty is the class of properties with a deictic dimension, interpreted relative to the speaker, encoding the participants in a speech situation. Usually a three-way contrast is found: firstPerson (speaker), secondPerson (addressee), and thirdPerson (neither speaker nor addressee). Other distinctions within this feature include: inclusive/exclusive and proximative/obviative. [Crystal 1997: 285-286]".
- PhoneticProperty comment "The class of properties used to describe speech sounds. The properties given here are more or less taken directly from Ladefoged's later works, in particular, the taxonomies of Ladefoged [Ladefoged 1997].".
- Phrase comment "Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Phrases get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies the head position; thus, all phrases have heads. [Crystal 1980: 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 169; Pike and Pike 1982: 453]".
- PlaceProperty comment "The superclass of properties that specify the location of the articulators [Ladefoged 1997: 594].".
- PolarityProperty comment "The property concerned with encoding the system of positive/negative contrastivity found in a language. The distinction between 'positive' and 'negative polarity' may be expressed syntactically, morphologically or lexically. [Crystal 1997: 297]".
- Predicator comment "Predicator is the class of syntactic words that are fundamentally relation inducing. That is, predicators license argument structure [Anderson 1997: 14]. Verbs are quintessential predicators, though other categories, such as determiners and some nouns, are also predicative in nature.".
- ProForm comment "A ProForm is a partOfSpeech whose members usually substitute for other constituents, including phrases, clauses, or sentences, and whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context [Crystal 1997: 310; Schachter 1985: 24-25].".
- Pronominal comment "A Pronoun is a ProForm which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or noun phrase [Crystal 1997: 312].".
- PulmonicProperty comment "Pulmonic refers to an air-stream mechanism wherein the air is generated in the lungs and pushed out under the control of the respiratory muscles. [Ladefoged 2000: 122]".
- Quantifier comment "A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or a pronoun. [Crystal 1997: 317]".
- RadicalProperty comment "The class of place properties used to classifiy articulatory gestures made with the root of the tongue. [Ladefoged 1997: 603]".
- Segment comment "A discrete unit that can be identified in the stream of speech, either physically or auditorily. Features that extend over more than one segment, such as pitch or stress, are termed suprasegmentals. [Crystal 2003: 408–409; Hartmann".
- SemanticUnit comment "A SemanticUnit is the class of semantics elements, or units of semantic structure (sometimes called a sememe). Semantic units serve as the meaning component of linguistic signs. A semantic unit is intended for linguistic description and no particular logical representation is implied.".
- SignedLinguisticExpression comment "A SignedLinguisticExpression is the signed physical form of language as distinct from either written or spoken expressions. Signed expressions are the primary means in which sign languages are tranmitted. A signed expression is the image sequence that is produced (and perceived) during a signing event.".
- SizeProperty comment "SizeProperty is a physical property with two values: large and small. Languages apparently do not encode a middle value of medium, at least not in the grammar. The marking of large size is traditionally called the augmentativem that for small size the diminutive. [Frawley 1992: 126]".
- SpokenLinguisticExpression comment "A SpokenLinguisticExpression is the physical sound form of language as distinct from either signed or spoken expressions. A spoken expression is the sound that is produced (and perceived) during a speaking event.".
- Stem comment "Stem is the class of morphological units that are analyzable into a root and possibly one or more derivational units. Stems can occur alone and are the basis for adding inflectional units. [Lyons 1977: 513, 521-526]".
- StrictureProperty comment "A general term used in Phonetics to refer to an articulation which restricts the airstream to some degree, ranging from a complete closure to a slight narrowing. [Crystal 2008: 456]".
- SubordinateClause comment "A clause which does not constitute a complete sentence in itself, but must be connected with or attached to an independent clause. [Pei and Gaynor 1980: 206]".
- SubordinatingConnective comment "A subordinating connective is a connective that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent. [Crystal 1997: 370]".
- SupraLaryngealProperty comment "The supralaryngeal node dominates the activity of all of the articulators except stiffening and slacking of the vocal folds. For consonants it can be viewed as the default node which comes into play when the supranasal node below it is deactivated. In the case of sounds produced by an articulator dominated by this node, the only possible segments are those which are traditionally classified as [-consonantal]. It is not necessary to specify manner features for sounds dominated by the supralaryngeal node, because they are redundantly determined. [Keyser and Stevens 1994: 216]".
- SyntacticConstruction comment "SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic configuration [Crystal 1980: 85-86].".
- SyntacticUnit comment "SyntacticUnit (also called constituent) is a 'term in grammatical analysis for a linguistic unit which is a functional component of a larger construction. Based on a combination of intuitive and formal (e.g. distributional) criteria, a sentence can be analysed into a series of constituents, such as subject + predicate, or NP+VP, etc. [Crystal 2003: 99]".
- Taxon comment "Taxon is the class of scientific categories used to create a taxonomy and determined according to scientific principles in a given domain, e.g., Biology or Linguistics.".
- TenseProperty comment "Following [Comrie 1985: vii], we take tense to be the grammaticalisation of location in time. Tense Property is assigned to clauses on the basis of semantics: a tense value is selected for the clause from the range of tense values available in the given language. Tense Property is typically realised on the verb, but it may be found expressed multiply on different elements in the same clause. For example, tense may be found on more than one element of the verbal complex (e.g. in Kayardild [Evans 2003] or Paamese [Crowley 2002: 68], or on verbs as well as on certain spatial and temporal adverbs and certain prepositions in the same clause (e.g. in Malagasy [Randriamasimanana 1981: 355-367], [Keenan and Polinsky 1998: 566-567].\n\nIn the given language, the values of the Tense Property are assigned to the designated elements as a consequence of semantic choice, and all the available options of particular tense values expressing particular tense meanings can be described with a Tense Assignment System for that language. Since no languages have been found for which tense values are assigned by a Tense Distribution System (i.e. contextually, through agreement or government), Tense Property is not a Morphosyntactic Property. Instead, it is a Morphosemantic Property only.".
- Term comment "A vocabulary item which has a special meaning in a particular subject field, e.g. 'sound' or 'voice' in phonetics, or 'butterfly' in swimming. [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 236]".
- Termset comment "A set of scientific terms used as part of an annotation system, usually the standard terms from a particular linguistic theory.".
- TertiaryPredicator comment "TertiaryPredicator is the class of syntactic words that take three required arguments.".
- Thing comment "In Web Ontology Language, Thing is the superclass of all classes. The most basic concepts in a domain should correspond to classes that are the roots of various taxonomic trees. Every individual in the OWL world is a member of the class owl:Thing. Thus each user-defined class is implicitly a subclass of owl:Thing. Domain specific root classes are defined by simply declaring a named class. [Smith, Welty and McGuinness 2004]".
- TrillProperty comment "A term in the phonetic classification of consonant sounds on the basis of their manner of articulation: also known as trilled consonant, or a roll, 'trill' refers to any sound made by the rapid tapping of one organ of articulation against another. [Crystal 2008: 496]".
- UnaryPredicator comment "UnaryPredicator is the class of syntactic words that take only one required argument.".
- VelaricProperty comment "Velaric refers to an air-stream mechanism wherein the air is generated by a closure at the velar position, rather than an air-stream generated by the lungs. The back of the tongue is raised against the velum, and articulations are made farther forward by the lips or front parts of the tongue, drawing air into or pushing air out of the mouth. The clicks of some African languages are produced in this way. In English, they may be heard in the 'tut tut' sound. [Crystal 1985: 325-326; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 8]".
- Verbal comment "A Verbal is a part of speech whose members typically signal events and actions; constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause; govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause; and, in inflectional languages, may be inflected for tense, aspect, voice, modality, or agreement with other constituents in person, number, or grammatical gender [Crystal 1997: 409; Givon 1984: 52; Payne 1997: 47].".
- VoiceProperty comment "VoiceProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of the relationship between the verb and the nominals in a subject-predicate configuration. It selects a grammatically prominent syntactic constituent--subject--from the underlying semantic functions. In accusative language, the basic strategy is to select an agent as a subject [Shibatani 1988: 3]. It can be said that all voice systems mark the affectedness/nonaffectedness of sentential subjects [Klaiman 1988: 30].".
- VoicingProperty comment "Refers to the vibratory activity of the vocal folds. Most languages have phonemic contrasts between voiced and voiceless sounds (regular vibration of the vocal folds versus no vibration of the vocal folds respectively). However, Ladefoged and Maddieson recognize five steps in the continuum of modes of vibration in the glottis, going from breathy voice - the most open setting of the vocal folds in which vibration will occur, passing through slack voice, modal voice, and stiff voice, ending with creaky voice - the most constricted setting in which vibration will occur. Each of these modes of voicing may or may not be phonemic in a given language. [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 48-49]".
- WrittenLinguisticExpression comment "A WrittenLinguisticExpression is the written physical form of language as distinct from either signed or spoken expressions. A written expression is the physical product of the writing process.".
- argument comment "The syntactic entity about which something is predicated.".
- dataStructureRelation comment "This subsumes all structuring relations used for LinguisticDataStructures. As a naming convention to distinguish relations in data structure from other relations, all names of dataStructuringRelations begin with 'has-'.".
- hasConstituent comment "The relation hasConstituent is an abstract partial ordering relation that expresses dominance between two linguistic units. This relation is meant to cover all possible types of linguistic constituency: phonological, morphological, syntactic, etc. constituency.".
- hasSyntacticConstituent comment "The relation hasSyntacticConstituent is an abstract partial ordering relation that expresses dominance between two syntactic units. This relation is meant to cover all possible types of syntactic constituency.".
- lexicalRelation comment "This is the superclass of common lexical relatations such as synonym, antonym, etc. NOTE: this needs work. Such relations really pertain to meaning and not form units.".
- morphologicalRelation comment "A relation holding between morphological units.".
- object comment "An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object.An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject [Crystal 1985, 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 155-156; Comrie 1989, 66].".
- orderingRelation comment "Any relation that establishes a linear ordering of linguistic units.".
- realization comment "The relation holding between a linguistic unit and its physical form, either a spoken, written or signed expression.".
- syntacticRole comment "A general category subsuming relations relevant at the level of the Clause, such as predicate and subject. \nA grammatical relation is a role of a phrase or complement clause that determines syntactic behaviors such as the following: word position in a clause; verb agreement; participation and behavior in such operations as passivization [Comrie 1989, 65-66; Andrews 1985, 66].".
- translation comment "The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that both expressions have the same or roughly the same meaning.".
- vocab comment "Configuration vocabulary for the Linked Data API".
- Endpoint comment "An endpoint exposed by the API.".
- Formatter comment "A formatter that creates a representation from an RDF graph.".
- ItemEndpoint comment "An endpoint that returns information about a single instance.".
- List comment "a List represents the full set of resources that match the request against the Endpoint; a Page lists a subset of the List.".
- ListEndpoint comment "An endpoint that returns information about a list of instances.".
- Page comment "A page returned in response to a request to an Endpoint.".
- RdfXmlFormatter comment "A formatter that generates an RDF/XML representation of an RDF graph".
- Selector comment "A specification of an ordered list of resources.".
- TurtleFormatter comment "A formatter that generates an Turtle representation of an RDF graph".
- TurtleFormatter comment "A formatter that gives the default Turtle representation of an RDF graph".
- Viewer comment "A specification of a view of a particular item.".
- XsltFormatter comment "A formatter that uses an XSLT stylesheet to generates a representation of an RDF graph".
- csvFormatter comment "A formatter that gives the default simple CSV representation of an RDF graph".
- jsonFormatter comment "A formatter that gives the default simple JSON representation of an RDF graph".
- xmlFormatter comment "A formatter that gives the default simple XML representation of an RDF graph".
- cube comment "This vocabulary allows multi-dimensional data, such as statistics, to be published in RDF. It is based on the core information model from SDMX (and thus also DDI).".
- Attachable comment "Abstract superclass for everything that can have attributes and dimensions".
- AttributeProperty comment "The class of components which represent attributes of observations in the cube, e.g. unit of measurement".
- CodedProperty comment "Superclass of all coded ComponentProperties".
- ComponentProperty comment "Abstract super-property of all properties representing dimensions, attributes or measures".
- ComponentSet comment "Abstract class of things which reference one or more ComponentProperties".
- ComponentSpecification comment "Used to define properties of a component (attribute, dimension etc) which are specific to its usage in a DSD.".
- DataSet comment "Represents a collection of observations, possibly organized into various slices, conforming to some common dimensional structure.".