Matches in LOV for { ?s <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> ?o. }
- definesRole comment "A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the role 'ingredient'.".
- definesTask comment "A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the task 'boil'.".
- describes comment "The relation between a Description and an Entity : a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system).\nA same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.".
- directlyFollows comment "The intransitive follows relation. For example, Wednesday directly precedes Thursday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.".
- directlyPrecedes comment "The intransitive precedes relation. For example, Monday directly precedes Tuesday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.".
- executesTask comment "A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.".
- expresses comment "A relation between an InformationObject and a 'meaning', generalized here as a 'SocialObject'. For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'.\nThe intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.".
- expresses comment "This is a large comment field for those who want to investigate the different uses of the 'expresses' relation for modeling different approaches to meaning characterization and modeling.\nFor example, in all these cases, some aspect of meaning is involved:\n\n- Beehive means \"a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.\" (Oxford dictionary)\n- 'Beehive' is a synonym in noun synset 09218159 \"beehive|hive\" (WordNet)\n- 'the term Beehive can be interpreted as the fact of 'being a beehive', i.e. a relation that holds for concepts such as Bee, Honey, Hosting, etc.'\n- 'the text of Italian apiculture regulation expresses a rule by which beehives should be kept at least one kilometer away from inhabited areas'\n- 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive'\n- ''Beehive' for apiculturists does not express the same meaning as for, say, fishermen'\n- 'Your meaning of 'Beautiful' does not seem to fit mine'\n- ''Beehive' is formally interpreted as the set of all beehives'\n- 'from the term 'Beehive', we can build a vector space of statistically significant cooccurring terms in the documents that contain it'\n- the lexeme 'Belly' expresses the role 'Body_Part' in the frame 'ObservableBodyParts' (FrameNet)\n\nAs the examples suggest, the 'meaning of meaning' is dependent on the background approach/theory that one assumes. One can hardly make a summary of the too many approaches and theories of meaning, therefore this relation is maybe the most controversial and difficult to explain; normally, in such cases it would be better to give up formalizing. \nHowever, the usefulness of having a 'semantic abstraction' in modeling information objects is so high (e.g. for the semantic web, interoperability, reengineering, etc.), that we accept this challenging task, although without taking any particular position in the debate. \nWe provide here some examples, which we want to generalize upon when using the 'expresses' relation to model semantic aspects of social reality.\n\nIn the most common approach, lexicographers that write dictionaries, glossaries, etc. assume that the meaning of a term is a paraphrase (or 'gloss', or 'definition'). \nAnother approach is provided by concept schemes like thesauri and lexicons, which assume that the meaning of a term is a 'concept', encoded as a 'lemma', 'synset', or 'descriptor'.\nStill another approach is that of psychologists and cognitive scientists, which often assume that the meaning of an information object is a concept encoded in the mind or cognitive system of an agent. \nA radically different approach is taken by social scientists and semioticians, who usually assume that meanings of an information object are spread across the communication practices in which members of a community use that object.\nAnother approach that tackles the distributed nature of meaning is assumed by geometrical models of semantics, which assume that the meaning of an InformationObject (e.g. a word) results from the set of informational contexts (e.g. within texts) in which that object is used similarly.\nThe logical approach to meaning is still different, since it assumes that the meaning of e.g. a term is equivalent to the set of individuals that the term can be applied to; for example, the meaning of 'Ali' is e.g. an individual person called Ali, the meaning of 'Airplane' is e.g. the set of airplanes, etc. \nFinally, an approach taken by structuralist linguistics and frame semantics is that a meaning is the relational context in which an information object can be applied; for example, a meaning of 'Airplane' is situated e.g. in the context ('frame') of passenger airline flights.\n\nThese different approaches are not necessarily conflicting, and they mostly talk about different aspects of so-called 'semantics'. They can be summarized and modelled within DOLCE-Ultralite as follows (notice that such list is far from exhaustive):\n\n(1) Informal meaning (as for linguistic or commonsense semantics: a distinction is assumed between (informal) meaning and reference; see isAbout for an alternative pattern on reference)\n\t- Paraphrase meaning (as for lexicographic semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and different instances of InformationObject that act as 'paraphrases'\n\t- Conceptual meaning (as for 'concept scheme' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of Concept\n\t- Relational meaning (as for frame semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of Description\n\t- Cognitive meaning (as for 'psychological' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between any instance of InformationObject and any different instance of InformationObject that isRealizedBy a mental, cognitive or neural state (depending on which theory of mind is assumed). Such states can be considered here as instances of Process (occurring in the mind, cognitive system, or neural system of an agent)\n\t- Cultural meaning (as for 'social science' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of SocialObject (institutions, cultural paradigms, norms, social practices, etc.)\n\t- Distributional meaning (as for geometrical models of meaning). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between any instance of InformationObject and any different instance of InformationObject that isFormallyRepresentedIn some (geometrical) Region (e.g. a vector space)\n\n(2) Formal meaning (as for logic and formal semantics: no distinction is assumed between informal meaning and reference, therefore between 'expresses' and 'isAbout', which can be used interchangeably)\n\t- Object-level formal meaning (as in the traditional first-order logic semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between an instance of InformationObject and an instance of Collection that isGroundingFor (in most cases) a Set; isGroundingFor is defined in the ontology: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl\n\t- Modal formal meaning (as in possible-world semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between an instance of InformationObject and an instance of Collection that isGroundingFor a Set, and which isPartOf some different instance of Collection that isGroundingFor a PossibleWorld\n\nThis is only a first step to provide a framework, in which one can model different aspects of meaning. A more developed ontology should approach the problem of integrating the different uses of 'expresses', so that different theories, resources, methods can interoperate.".
- farFrom comment "Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is far from Beijing, astronomy is far from necromancy.".
- follows comment "A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. \nE.g. 'year 2000 follows 1999', 'preparing coffee' follows 'deciding what coffee to use', 'II World War follows I World War', etc. \nIt can be used between tasks, processes or time intervals, and subproperties would fit best in order to distinguish the different uses.".
- hasCommonBoundary comment "A relation to encode either formal or informal characterizations of 'boundaries' common to two different entities: an Event that ends when another begins, two abstract regions that have a common topological boundary, two objects that are said to be 'in contact' from a commonsense perspective, etc.".
- hasComponent comment "The hasPart relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.".
- hasConstituent comment "'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. \nIntuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense.\nA desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts.\nExample of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. \nIn all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.".
- hasConstraint comment "A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw).\nThe intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies an Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity.".
- hasDataValue comment "A datatype property that encodes values from a datatype for an Entity. \nThere are several ways to encode values in DOLCE (Ultralite):\n\n1) Directly assert an xsd:_ value to an Entity by using hasDataValue\n2) Assert a Region for an Entity by using hasRegion, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue\n3) Assert a Quality for an Entity by using hasQuality, then assert a Region for that Quality, and assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue\n4) When the value is required, but not directly observed, assert a Parameter for an xsd:_ value by using hasParameterDataValue, and then associate the Parameter to an Entity by using isConstraintFor\n5) When the value is required, but not directly observed, you can also assert a Parameter for a Region by using parametrizes, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue\n\nThe five approaches obey different requirements. \nFor example, a simple value can be easily asserted by using pattern (1), but if one needs to assert an interval between two values, a Region should be introduced to materialize that interval, as pattern (2) suggests. \nFurthermore, if one needs to distinguish the individual Quality of a value, e.g. the particular nature of the density of a substance, pattern (3) can be used. \nPatterns (4) and (5) should be used instead when a constraint or a selection is modeled, independently from the actual observation of values in the real world.".
- hasLocation comment "A generic, relative localization, holding between any entities. E.g. 'the cat is on the mat', 'Omar is in Samarcanda', 'the wound is close to the femural artery'.\nFor 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion".
- hasMember comment "A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'my collection of saxophones includes an old Adolphe Sax original alto' (i.e. my collection has member an Adolphe Sax alto).".
- hasParameter comment "A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.".
- hasPart comment "A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part', '20th century contains year 1923', 'World War II includes the Pearl Harbour event'.\nSubproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.".
- hasParticipant comment "A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.".
- hasPostcondition comment "Direct succession applied to situations. \nE.g., 'A postcondition of our Plan is to have things settled'.".
- hasPrecondition comment "Direct precedence applied to situations. \nE.g., 'A precondition to declare war against a foreign country is claiming to find nuclear weapons in it'.".
- hasQuality comment "A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.".
- hasRegion comment "A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the number of wheels of that truck is 12', 'the time of the experiment is August 9th, 2004', 'the whale has been localized at 34 degrees E, 20 degrees S'.".
- hasRegionDataValue comment "A datatype property that encodes values for a Region, e.g. a float for the Region Height.".
- hasRole comment "A relation between an object and a role, e.g. the person 'John' has role 'student'.".
- hasSetting comment "A relation between entities and situations, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning.".
- hasTask comment "A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').".
- includesAction comment "A relation between situations and actions, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).".
- includesAgent comment "A relation between situations and persons, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).".
- includesEvent comment "A relation between situations and events, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).".
- includesObject comment "A relation between situations and objects, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).".
- includesTime comment "A relation between situations and time intervals, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: preparing my coffee was held this morning). A data value attached to the time interval typically complements this modelling pattern.".
- introduces comment "A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.".
- isAbout comment "A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection .\nThe isAbout relation is reflexive (not expressible in OWL1.0), because information objects are also about themselves.".
- isAgentInvolvedIn comment "Agent participation.".
- isClassifiedBy comment "A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. 'John is considered a typical rude man'; your last concert constitutes the achievement of a lifetime; '20-year-old means she's mature enough'.".
- isComponentOf comment "The hasPart relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.".
- isConceptExpressedBy comment "A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term \"dog\" expresses the Concept \"dog\". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses".
- isConceptUsedIn comment "A more generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description".
- isConceptualizedBy comment "A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a Description . E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created a solar-system metaphor for his atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force shares the attack plan'.".
- isConcretelyExpressedBy comment "A relation between an InformationRealization and a Description, e.g. 'the printout of the Italian Constitution concretelyExpresses the Italian Constitution'. It should be supplied also with a rule stating that the InformationRealization realizes an InformationObject that expresses the Description".
- isConstituentOf comment "'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. \nIntuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense.\nA desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts.\nExample of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. \nIn all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.".
- isCoveredBy comment "A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to cover a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a (reified) class.\nE.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.".
- isDefinedIn comment "A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.".
- isDescribedBy comment "The relation between an Entity and a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system).\nA same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.".
- isExecutedIn comment "A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.".
- isExpandedIn comment "A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties as the former, with at least one additional one.\nDescriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts, or by refining concepts that are used by them. \nAn 'intention' to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active).".
- isExpressedBy comment "A relation between a dul:SocialObject (the 'meaning') and a dul:InformationObject (the 'expression'). \nFor example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'.\nThe intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included in the encoding of 'expresses', for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.".
- isIntroducedBy comment "A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.".
- isLocationOf comment "A generic, relative localization, holding between any entities. E.g. 'Rome is the seat of the Pope', 'the liver is the location of the tumor'.\nFor 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion".
- isMemberOf comment "A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'the Night Watch by Rembrandt is in the Rijksmuseum collection'; 'Davide is member of the Pen Club', 'Igor is one the subjects chosen for the experiment'.".
- isPartOf comment "A relation between any entities, e.g.'brain is a part of the human body'.".
- isParticipantIn comment "A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.".
- isQualityOf comment "A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.".
- isRealizedBy comment "A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.".
- isReferenceOf comment "A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection .\nThe isReferenceOf relation is irreflexive, differently from its inverse isAbout.".
- isReferenceOfInformationRealizedBy comment "The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.".
- isRegionFor comment "A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the color of my car is red'.".
- isRelatedToConcept comment "Any relation between concepts, e.g. superordinated, conceptual parthood, having a parameter, having a task, superordination, etc.".
- isRelatedToDescription comment "Any relation between descriptions.".
- isRoleDefinedIn comment "A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the role 'Ingredient' is defined in the recipe for a cake.".
- isRoleOf comment "A relation between an object and a role, e.g. 'student' is the role of 'John'.".
- isSatisfiedBy comment "A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.".
- isSettingFor comment "A relation between situations and entities, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning is the setting for (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica.".
- isSuperordinatedTo comment "Direct precedence applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Executive' is superordinated to 'DepartmentManager'.".
- isTaskDefinedIn comment "A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the task 'boil' is defined in a recipe for a cake.".
- isTaskOf comment "A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').".
- isTimeOfObservationOf comment "A relation to represent a (past, present or future) TimeInterval at which an Entity is observable.\nIn order to encode a specific time, a data value should be related to the TimeInterval. \nAn alternative way of representing time is the datatype property: hasIntervalDate".
- isUnifiedBy comment "A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.".
- nearTo comment "Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is near to Florence, astronomy is near to physics.".
- overlaps comment "A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the chest region overlaps with the abdomen region', 'my spoken words overlap with hers', 'the time of my leave overlaps with the time of your arrival', 'fibromyalgia overlaps with other conditions'.\nSubproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize overlaps for objects, events, time intervals, etc.".
- parametrizes comment "The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAgeLimit', and a Region, e.g. '18_year'.\nFor a more data-oriented relation, see hasDataValue".
- precedes comment "A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. \nE.g. 'year 1999 precedes 2000', 'deciding what coffee to use' precedes 'preparing coffee', 'World War II follows World War I', 'in the Milan to Rome autoroute, Bologna precedes Florence', etc.\nIt can then be used between tasks, processes, time intervals, spatially locate objects, situations, etc. \nSubproperties can be defined in order to distinguish the different uses.".
- realizes comment "A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.".
- satisfies comment "A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.".
- specializes comment "A partial order relation that holds between social objects. \nIt mainly represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept or Description and another Concept (resp. Description) that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrower in intensional interpretation. For example, the role PhDStudent specializes the role Student.\nAnother possible use is between a Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept A, and another Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept B that on its turm specializes A. For example, the 70,000 series Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection specializes the Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection.".
- unifies comment "A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.".
- usesConcept comment "A generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description. This last condition cannot be encoded for object properties in OWL.".
- IOLite.owl comment "An ontology of information objects, encodings and realizations, as a plugin to DOLCE-Ultralite (reusing mainly the dul:expresses and dul:realizes relations from it). \nSeveral patterns are contained inside this ontology:\n- encodings of information entities\n- kinds of realizations (gestural motions, depictions, digital, multimedia, speech, etc.)\n- combinatorial relations between information objects\n- relations between formal expressions and generalized expressions (lexicalizations, formalizations)\n- relations between formal expressions and their assignments in formal semantics\n- relations between information objects and schemata (data structures, KOS, etc.)\n- authorship\n- kinds of linguistic objects\n- copies, reproductions, etc.\n- cultural combination of information objects (reuse, mixing, metaphorical blending)".
- BodilyMotion comment "An information realization consisting of bodily movements.".
- CommunicativeFunction comment "The functions, e.g. defined by Jakobson and by Buhler, which define types of linguistic acts. Jakobson's ones include referential, conative, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, poetic. Each function has typical roles and tasks that must be played during a linguistic act that achieves the function.".
- DataStructure comment "Any data structure, including databases, schemas, lexica, knowledge organizations systems, etc.".
- Depiction comment "An information realization consisting of depicted images/signs of any sort (e.g. graffiti, drawings, inscriptions, pictures, sculptures, etc.), which are inscripted on a medium that lasts longer than the depicting act.\nIt also includes any early form of inscripted iconic expression, which can be considered as original bodily expressions.".
- DigitalResource comment "Any resource that can be computed, e.g. a file, a piece of (implemented) software. This assumes an encoding allowing the computation (e.g. html+http protocol).".
- FormalExpression comment "Any information object represented in a FormalLanguage, usually having a formal interpretation by a dul:FormalEntity, and used to formally represent any Entity".
- FormalLanguage comment "A formal language, created by some human, with a fixed grammar, and usually with an explicit formal semantics (i.e. any FormalExpression that is a wff or a valid element of a FormalLanguage has an interpretation wrt to formal entities such as sets, categories, etc.).".
- GraphicArt comment "wn noun: The arts of drawing or painting or printmaking".
- IconicLanguage comment "A language made up of graphical elements. It can be natural, artificial, and even formal.".
- KOS comment "Knowledge Organization Systems: thesauri, terminologies, classification schemes, subject hierarchies, etc.".
- Language comment "A natural or artificial language, provided with an alphabet (or vocabulary) and combinatorial rules. In the case of natural languages, their components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a natural language has the status of a theory for that language, and alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars).\nAnother distinction, between the general (systemic) rules for a language, and the local (contextual) rules for e.g. a certain context, speaker, place, etc., can be made separately.\nThe most comprehensive classification of languages ha probably been made by Umberto Eco, based on the production modes of the 'signs' that are represented in a certain language. It uses several semiotic dimensions, and will be modeled in a forthcoming ontology.".
- Lexicon comment "A collection of lexical items (terms, entries, ...) that are witnessed to have a linguistic relevance.".
- LinguisticAct comment "A communicative situation including linguistic objects, agents, and a set of contexts: physical (informational realizations), conceptual (social objects), and referential (entities).\nA linguistic act has an associated CommunicativeFunction that it satisfies.".
- LinguisticFunction comment "Any linguistic function that classifies words according to a LinguisticTheory. \nThis class includes parts of speech, thematic roles, phrase structure components, verbal aspects, etc. e.g. Subject, Object, Instrument, Stative, etc.\nEach linguistic function must be defined in a LinguisticTheory; e.g. a thematic role can be defined either in a generative grammar, or in construction-based theory.".
- LinguisticObject comment "An information object represented in a NaturalLanguage".
- LinguisticTheory comment "Any theory describing the structure and/or production and understanding of a natural language or a set of natural languages, or a component of one or more natural languages.".
- MultimediaObject comment "An information realization that realizes heterogeneous information objects. Examples include audiovisual performances, web pages, etc.".
- Multiword comment "A LinguisticObject made up of more than one Word, but distinct from a Phrase, which is a higher syntactic unit.".
- NaturalLanguage comment "A natural language, evolved and used in a community across time.\nNatural languages components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a (part of a) natural language has the status of a theory for that language, but alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars).".
- Phrase comment "A composition of Word(s) that can be considered a higher syntactic unit than a Word, and dul:isComponentOf a Sentence".