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• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique abstract "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine. First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first "homogeneous immunoassay" to be widely used commercially.Homogeneous immunoassays can be carried out using exceptionally simple and rapid mix and read protocols. The most widely used applications for EMIT are for therapeutic drug monitoring (serum) and as a primary screen for abused drugs and their metabolites in (urine). The original US patents covering major aspects of the method, 3,817,837 and 3,875,011, have expired although US patent 6,455,288 that covers a major improvement is still valid. While still sold by Siemens Healthcare under its original trade name, EMIT, assay kits with different names that employ the same technology are supplied by other companies. Determination of drug levels in serum is particularly important when the difference in the concentrations needed to produce a therapeutic effect and adverse side reactions is small, the therapeutic window. EMIT therapeutic drug monitoring tests provide accurate information about the concentration of such drugs such as digoxin and other cardioactive drugs, theophylline, anti-epileptic drugs, and antibiotics. EMIT urine assays for abused drugs such as cannabinoids, morphine, and amphetamine are designed to detect the drug itself or a metabolite of the drug present in a concentration above a pre-specified minimum detection limit. The assays are highly accurate but, like all drug abuse assays, they are susceptible to attempts by the patient to circumvent the test by adulteration of the sample. Because of the social and legal consequences, a positive test result should be confirmed by an alternative method, usually Mass spectrometry. Like all immunoassays, EMIT uses antibodies that are specifically designed to bind the molecule(s) of interest (analyte) without binding to other substances in the sample. Its unique feature is the ability to detect this binding without resorting to a cumbersome separation of the bound component. This is accomplished by including (in the mixture of antibodies and sample) an enzyme that is attached to the analyte being tested for. Antibodies that do not become bound to the sample drug bind instead to this analyte-bound enzyme. The analyte-bound enzyme is designed so that when antibodies bind to its analyte portion, the enzyme is deactivated. Two general examples are here given: (1) If a high amount of sample analyte is present, this sample analyte will bind a large portion of antibodies leaving a large portion of the analyte-bound enzymes free in solution. Much substrate will be converted by high concentration of free enzyme. (2) If a low concentration of sample anayte is present, this small concentration of sample analyte will bind only a small portion of the antibodies, leaving a large portion of the antibodies to bind the analyte-bound enzymes and deactivate them. In this case, much of the substrate will not be converted.".
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• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique name "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique".
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique subject Category:Blood_tests.
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique subject Category:Urine_tests.
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• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique comment "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine. First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first "homogeneous immunoassay" to be widely used commercially.Homogeneous immunoassays can be carried out using exceptionally simple and rapid mix and read protocols.".
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique label "EMIT".
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique label "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique".
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique sameAs EMIT.
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• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique sameAs Q909255.
• Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique sameAs Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique.
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