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• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence abstract "The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (commonly referred to as UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state. The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent, it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before. Britain, the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia's UDI illegal, and economic sanctions, the first in the UN's history, were imposed on the breakaway colony. Amid near-complete international isolation, Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal.The Rhodesian government, which mostly comprised members of the country's white minority, was indignant when, amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change, less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under Britain's new policy of "no independence before majority rule" ("NIBMAR"), the result of recent geopolitical and moral shifts on the world stage. Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades' self-government, and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it. This combined with the colonial government's extreme reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists—the manifestation of racial tensions, Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result—to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence, Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally.Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers, Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively, between 1964 and 1965. Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable "to the people of the country as a whole"; Smith contended that this was met, while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not. After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government's devolved powers, then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable, Smith and his Cabinet declared independence. Calling this treasonous, the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government, but they ignored him and appointed an "Officer Administering the Government" to take his place.While no country recognised UDI, the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968. The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to the Queen, but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition. The Rhodesian Bush War, a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups, began in earnest two years later, and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978. Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979, but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community. The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979. Following a brief period of direct British rule, the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe in 1980.".
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• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence align "right".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence alt "A flag with vertical green, white and green stripes, with a coat of arms on the central white stripe.".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence alt "A photograph of Sir Alec Douglas-Home".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence alt "A portrait photograph of Ian Smith".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence alt "A sky blue flag with the Union Jack in the upper-left-hand corner, and a coat of arms on the right.".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence caption "Rhodesian Sky Blue Ensign, used until 1968ref|This overall design dated back to 1923, but a darker blue field was used until 1964, when the shade was lightened to make the Rhodesian flag more recognisable.|group="n"|name="flags"".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence caption "Rhodesian green-and-white triband, adopted in 1968".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence colwidth "35".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence dateCreated "November 1965".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence dateRatified "1965-11-11".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence direction "horizontal".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence direction "vertical".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence documentName "Unilateral Declaration of Independence".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence footer "Ian Smith ' replaced Winston Field as Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister in April 1964, and pledged to challenge Britain on independence. His British counterpart was initially Sir Alec Douglas-Home '.".
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• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence image "Flag of Rhodesia.svg".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence image "Ian Smith 1950s.jpg".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence imageCaption "A photograph of the proclamation document".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence imageWidth "230".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence italicTitle "no".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence locationOfDocument "Salisbury, Rhodesiaref||group="n"|name="name"".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence purpose "To announce and explain unilateral separation from the United Kingdom".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence quoted "yes".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence signers "*Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia * *Other ministers of the Cabinet".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence source "(Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle in Dhlamini and another v. Carter N. O. and another, March 1968)".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence source "(Rhodesian journalist Phillippa Berlyn on UDI)".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence width "140".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence width "141".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence width "144".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence width "33.0".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence wikisource "Unilateral Declaration of Independence".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence writer "Gerald B Clarke et al.".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_in_Africa.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_in_Rhodesia.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_in_international_relations.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_in_law.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_in_the_United_Kingdom.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:1965_works.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:British_Empire.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Cold_War.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Cold_War_history_of_the_United_Kingdom.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Declarations_of_independence.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Foreign_relations_of_Rhodesia.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:History_of_Rhodesia.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:History_of_Zimbabwe.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Ian_Smith.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Political_history_of_Rhodesia.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Rhodesia.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Rhodesian_Bush_War.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:United_Kingdom–Zimbabwe_relations.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence subject Category:Zimbabwe_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence comment "The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (commonly referred to as UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state.".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence label "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence".
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence sameAs m.01zrm2.
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• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence sameAs Q7321053.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence wasDerivedFrom Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence?oldid=605932943.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence depiction Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg.
• Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence isPrimaryTopicOf Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence.