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- Amphetamine abstract "Amphetamine (pronunciation: /æmˈfɛtəmin/; contracted from alpha‑methylphenethylamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to the racemic free base, or equal parts of the enantiomers levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Nonetheless, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion, depression, and obesity. Amphetamine is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription medication in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine is often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with uncontrolled or heavy use. Amphetamine is illegally synthesized by clandestine chemists, trafficked, and sold. Based upon the quantity of seized and confiscated drugs and drug precursors worldwide, illicit amphetamine production and trafficking is much less prevalent than that of methamphetamine; in parts of Europe, amphetamine is more prevalent than methamphetamine.The first pharmaceutical amphetamine was Benzedrine, a brand of inhalers used to treat a variety of conditions. Presently, it is typically prescribed as Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine, through activation of a trace amine receptor, increases biogenic amine and excitatory neurotransmitter activity in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. At therapeutic doses, this causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in libido, increased arousal, and improved cognitive control. It induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength.Much larger doses of amphetamine are likely to impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Substance dependence (i.e., addiction) is a serious risk of amphetamine abuse, but only rarely arises from medical use. Very high doses can result in a psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects.Amphetamine is the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, ecstasy, and methamphetamine. Unlike methamphetamine, amphetamine's salts lack sufficient volatility to be smoked. Amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurring trace amine neurotransmitters, specifically phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body.".
- Amphetamine atcPrefix "N06".
- Amphetamine atcSuffix "BA01".
- Amphetamine bioavailability "95.0".
- Amphetamine casNumber "300-62-9".
- Amphetamine chEBI "2679".
- Amphetamine drugbank "DB00182".
- Amphetamine fdaUniiCode "CK833KGX7E".
- Amphetamine iupacName "(RS)-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane".
- Amphetamine iupacName "(RS)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine".
- Amphetamine pubchem "3007".
- Amphetamine thumbnail Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg?width=300.
- Amphetamine wikiPageExternalLink detail.go?type=gene&acc=9607&qid=2119242.
- Amphetamine wikiPageExternalLink query.go?type=ixn&chemqt=equals&chem=name%3AAmphetamine&actionDegreeTypes=increases&actionDegreeTypes=decreases&actionDegreeTypes=affects&actionTypes=ANY&geneqt=equals&gene=&pathwayqt=equals&pathway=&taxonqt=equals&taxon=TAXON%3A9606&goqt=equals&go=&sort=chemNmSort&perPage=500&action=Search.
- Amphetamine wikiPageExternalLink dpdirect.jsp?name=Amphetamine.
- Amphetamine wikiPageID "2504".
- Amphetamine wikiPageRevisionID "606624625".
- Amphetamine align "center".
- Amphetamine align "right".
- Amphetamine alt "259200.0".
- Amphetamine alt "An image of amphetamine free base".
- Amphetamine alt "An image of phenyl-2-nitropropene and amphetamine hydrochloride".
- Amphetamine alt "An image of the amphetamine compound".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of a chiral resolution of racemic amphetamine and a stereoselective synthesis".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine synthesis by Friedel–Crafts alkylation".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine synthesis by Knoevenagel condensation".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine synthesis by the Leuckart reaction".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine synthesis from phenylacetone and ammonia".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine synthesis via Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements".
- Amphetamine alt "Diagram of amphetamine via Ritter synthesis".
- Amphetamine alt "Graphical representation of Amphetamine stereoisomers".
- Amphetamine atcPrefix "N06".
- Amphetamine atcSuffix "BA01".
- Amphetamine bioavailability "Rectal 95–100%;".
- Amphetamine boilingPoint "203".
- Amphetamine c "9".
- Amphetamine caption Phenyl-2-nitropropene.
- Amphetamine caption "A vial of the colorless amphetamine free base".
- Amphetamine caption "Amphetamine hydrochloride".
- Amphetamine caption "Bottom: Stereoselective synthesis of amphetamine".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 1: Synthesis by Friedel–Crafts alkylation".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 2: Ritter synthesis".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 3: Synthesis via Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 4: Synthesis by Knoevenagel condensation".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 5: Synthesis using phenylacetone and ammonia".
- Amphetamine caption "Method 6: Synthesis by the Leuckart reaction".
- Amphetamine caption "The skeletal structures of and".
- Amphetamine caption "Top: Chiral resolution of amphetamine".
- Amphetamine casNumber "300".
- Amphetamine chebi "2679".
- Amphetamine chembl "405".
- Amphetamine chemspiderid "13852819".
- Amphetamine density "0.9".
- Amphetamine dependencyLiability "Moderate".
- Amphetamine direction "vertical".
- Amphetamine drugName "Amphetamine".
- Amphetamine drugbank "DB00182".
- Amphetamine eliminationHalfLife "D-amph:9–11h;".
- Amphetamine excretion "Renal; pH-dependent".
- Amphetamine h "13".
- Amphetamine hasPhotoCollection Amphetamine.
- Amphetamine headerAlign "center".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Freebase.png".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Friedel-Crafts alkylation.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Hofmann Curtius Synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Knoevenagel synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Leukart synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Ritter Synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine Structural Formulae.png".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine and P2P.png".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine p2p ammonia synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine resolution and chiral synthesis.svg".
- Amphetamine image "Amphetamine-3d-CPK.png".
- Amphetamine imagename "1".
- Amphetamine inchi "1".
- Amphetamine iupacName "-1".
- Amphetamine iupharLigand "4804".
- Amphetamine kegg "D07445".
- Amphetamine legalAu "Schedule 8".
- Amphetamine legalCa "Schedule I".
- Amphetamine legalStatus "Rx-only".
- Amphetamine legalUk "CD".
- Amphetamine legalUs "Schedule II".
- Amphetamine licenceUs "Adderall".
- Amphetamine meltingPoint "11.3".
- Amphetamine metabolism "Hepatic: CYP2D6, DBH, and FMO".
- Amphetamine molecularWeight "135.2084".
- Amphetamine n "1".
- Amphetamine niaidChemdb "18564".
- Amphetamine pdbLigand "FRD".
- Amphetamine pregnancyUs "C".
- Amphetamine proteinBound "15".
- Amphetamine pubchem "3007".
- Amphetamine routesOfAdministration "Medical: oral, nasal inhalation".
- Amphetamine routesOfAdministration "Recreational: oral, nasal inhalation, insufflation, rectal, intravenous".
- Amphetamine smiles "NCCc1ccccc1".
- Amphetamine stdinchi "1".
- Amphetamine stdinchikey "KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N".
- Amphetamine synonyms "α-methylphenethylamine".
- Amphetamine unii "CK833KGX7E".