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- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury abstract "Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury PC (22 July 1621 – 21 January 1683), known as Anthony Ashley Cooper from 1621 to 1631, as Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Baronet from 1631 to 1661, and as The Lord Ashley from 1661 to 1672, was a prominent English politician during the Interregnum and during the reign of King Charles II. A founder of the Whig party, he is also remembered as the patron of John Locke.Anthony Ashley Cooper was born in 1621 and had lost both of his parents by the age of eight. He was brought up by Edward Tooker and other guardians named in his father's will, before attending Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. After he married the daughter of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, in 1639, Coventry's patronage secured Cooper a seat in the Short Parliament, although Cooper lost a disputed election to a seat in the Long Parliament. During the English Civil War, Cooper initially fought as a Royalist, before departing for the Parliamentary side in 1644. During the English Interregnum, he served on the English Council of State under Oliver Cromwell, although he opposed Cromwell's attempt to rule without parliament during the Rule of the Major-Generals. He also opposed the religious extremism of the Fifth Monarchists during Barebone's Parliament.As a member of the Council of State, Cooper opposed the New Model Army's attempts to rule the country following the downfall of Richard Cromwell, and he encouraged Sir George Monck's march on London. Cooper served as a member of the Convention Parliament of 1660, which determined to restore the English monarchy, and Cooper was one of twelve members of parliament who travelled to the Dutch Republic to invite King Charles II to return to England. Shortly before his coronation, Charles created Cooper Lord Ashley, so when the Cavalier Parliament assembled in 1661 he moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1661–1672. During the ministry of the Earl of Clarendon, Shaftesbury opposed the imposition of the Clarendon Code and supported Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence (1662), which the king was ultimately forced to withdraw. After the fall of Clarendon, Ashley was one of the members of the so-called Cabal Ministry, serving as Lord Chancellor 1672–1673. He was created Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672. During this period, John Locke entered Ashley's household. Ashley took an interest in colonial ventures and was one of the Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina; in 1669, Ashley and Locke collaborated in writing the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. By 1673, Ashley was worried that the heir to the throne, James, Duke of York, was secretly a Roman Catholic.After the Cabal Ministry ended, Shaftesbury became a leader of the opposition to the policies pursued by Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby. Danby favoured strict interpretation of the penal laws, enforcing mandatory membership of the Church of England. Shaftesbury, who sympathised with the Protestant Nonconformists, briefly agreed to work with the Duke of York, who opposed enforcing the penal laws against Roman Catholic recusants. By 1675, however, Shaftesbury was convinced that Danby, assisted by the bishops of the Church of England, was determined to transform England into an absolute monarchy, and he soon came to see the Duke of York's own religion as linked to this issue. Opposed to the growth of "popery and arbitrary government", throughout the latter half of the 1670s Shaftesbury argued in favour of frequent parliaments (spending time in the Tower of London, 1677–1678 for espousing this view) and argued that the nation needed protection from a potential Roman Catholic successor to King Charles II. During the Exclusion Crisis, Shaftesbury was an outspoken supporter of the Exclusion Bill, although he also endorsed other proposals that would have prevented the Duke of York from becoming king, such as Charles II's remarrying a Protestant princess and producing a Protestant heir to the throne, or legitimising Charles II's illegitimate Protestant son the Duke of Monmouth. The Whig party was born during the Exclusion Crisis, and Shaftesbury was one of the party's most prominent leaders.In 1681, during the Tory reaction following the failure of the Exclusion Bill, Shaftesbury was arrested for high treason, although the prosecution was dropped several months later. In 1682, after the Tories had gained the ability to pack London juries with their supporters, Shaftesbury, fearing a second prosecution, fled the country. Upon arriving in Amsterdam, he fell ill, and soon died, in January 1683.".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury activeYearsEndDate "1672-11-22".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury activeYearsEndDate "1679-10-15".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury activeYearsStartDate "1661-05-13".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury activeYearsStartDate "1672-09-16".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury activeYearsStartDate "1679-04-21".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury birthDate "1621-07-22".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury birthYear "1621".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury deathDate "1683-01-21".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury deathPlace Amsterdam.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury deathYear "1683".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office "Chancellor of the Exchequer".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office "First Lord of Trade".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office "Lord Chancellor".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office "Lord President of the Council".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor Heneage_Finch,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Duncombe.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Robartes,_1st_Earl_of_Radnor.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termPeriod Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury__1.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termPeriod Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury__2.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termPeriod Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury__3.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termPeriod Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury__4.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury thumbnail Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg?width=300.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury viafId "25404031".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury wikiPageExternalLink STUshafesburyE.htm.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury wikiPageID "303402".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury wikiPageRevisionID "605064384".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_2nd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Edmund_Ludlow.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Edward_Alford_(Royalist).
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Francis_White_(soldier).
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Heneage_Finch,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Henry_Hyde,_2nd_Earl_of_Clarendon.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Jerome_Weston,_2nd_Earl_of_Portland.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Robert_Cooke_(Parliamentarian).
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Charles_Seymour,_1st_Baron_Seymour_of_Trowbridge.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury after Edward_Boteler.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury as Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before Edmund_Ludlow.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before Sir_Orlando_Bridgeman,_1st_Baronet,_of_Great_Lever.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before William_Sydenham.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before "Not represented in Barebones Parliament".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before "Not represented in Restored Rump".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury before "Parliament suspended since 1629".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury caption "The 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, ca. 1672–73.".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury dateOfBirth "1621-07-22".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury dateOfDeath "1683-01-21".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury dateofbirth "1621-07-22".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury dateofdeath "1683-01-21".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury hasPhotoCollection Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury honorificPrefix The_Right_Honourable.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury honorificSuffix Privy_Council_of_England.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury name "Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl Of".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury name "The Earl of Shaftesbury".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office Lord_Chancellor.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office Lord_President_of_the_Council.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury office Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury placeOfBirth "Wimborne St Giles near Wimborne Minster".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury placeOfDeath "Amsterdam".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury predecessor Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury predecessor Sir_Orlando_Bridgeman,_1st_Baronet,_of_Great_Lever.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury predecessor "Office created".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury predecessor "Unknown".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury rows "2".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury shortDescription "English politician and Earl".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor Heneage_Finch,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Duncombe.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor John_Robartes,_1st_Earl_of_Radnor.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor "(Next holder)".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury successor "Vacant".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termEnd "1672-11-22".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termEnd "1673".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termEnd "1676".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termEnd "1679-10-15".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termStart "1661-05-13".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termStart "1672".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termStart "1672-09-16".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury termStart "1679-04-21".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Earl_of_Shaftesbury.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title List_of_Governors_of_the_Isle_of_Wight.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title List_of_Vice-Admirals_of_Hampshire.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Lord_Chancellor.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dorset.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Lord_President_of_the_Council.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title "'''".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title "Member of Parliament for Poole".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title "Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury title "Member of Parliament for Wiltshire".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with Edward_Alford_(Royalist).
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with John_Ernle.
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with "Alexander Popham 1654 1656".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with "Alexander Thistlethwaite 1654 1656".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with "Francis Holles 1654".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with "Gabriel Martin 1654 1656".
- Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury with "Henry Hungerford 1656".