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- Antigen abstract "In immunology, an antigen (Ag), or antibody generator, is any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response. An antigen is often foreign or toxic to the body (for example, a bacterium) which, once in the body, attracts and is bound to a respective and specific antibody. That is to say, an antigen is a molecule that also induces an immune response in the body. Each antibody is specifically designed to deal with certain antigens because of variation in the antibody's complementary determining regions (a common analogy used to describe this is the fit between a lock and a key). Paul Ehrlich coined the term antibody (in German Antikörper) in his side-chain theory at the end of 19th century. The term antigen originally came from ANTIbody GENerator (see section History).The antigen may originate from within the body ("self") or from the external environment ("non-self"). The immune system is usually non-reactive against "self" antigens under normal conditions and is supposed to identify and attack only "non-self" invaders from the outside world or modified/harmful substances present in the body under distressed conditions.Cells present their antigenic structures to the immune system via a histocompatibility molecule. Depending on the antigen presented and the type of the histocompatibility molecule, several types of immune cells can become activated. Antigen was originally a structural molecule that binds specifically to the antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be recognized by highly variable antigen receptors (B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor) of the adaptive immune system. For T-Cell Receptor (TCR) recognition, it must be processed into small fragments inside the cell and presented to a T-cell receptor by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Antigen by itself is not capable to elicit the immune response without the help of an Immunologic adjuvant.[citation needed] The essential role of the adjuvant component of vaccines in the activation of innate immune system is so-called immunologist's dirty little secret as originally described by Charles Janeway.An immunogen is in analogy to the antigen a substance (or a mixture of substances) that is able to provoke an immune response if injected to the body. An immunogen is able to initiate an indispensable innate immune response first, later leading to the activation of the adaptive immune response, whereas an antigen is able to bind the highly variable immunoreceptor products (B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor) once these have been produced. The overlapping concepts of immunogenicity and antigenicity are, therefore, subtly different. According to current textbook notions:Immunogenicity is the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responseAntigenicity is the ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response (i.e. secreted antibodies and/or surface receptors on T-cells). Although all immunogenic molecules are also antigenic, the reverse is not true.At the molecular level, an antigen can be characterized by its ability to be bound by the variable Fab region of an antibody. Note also that different antibodies have the potential to discriminate between specific epitopes present on the surface of the antigen (as illustrated in the Figure). Hapten is a small molecule that changes the structure of an antigenic epitope. In order to induce an immune response, it has to be attached to a large carrier molecule such as protein. Antigens are usually proteins and polysaccharides, less frequently also lipids. This includes parts (coats, capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbrae, and toxins) of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Lipids and nucleic acids are antigenic only when combined with proteins and polysaccharides.[citation needed] Non-microbial exogenous (non-self) antigens can include pollen, egg white, and proteins from transplanted tissues and organs or on the surface of transfused blood cells. Vaccines are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are to be intentionally administered to induce the memory function of adaptive immune system toward the antigens of the pathogen invading the recipient.".
- Antigen thumbnail Antibody.svg?width=300.
- Antigen wikiPageExternalLink histochemistry%20protocol%20antigen%20retrieval.htm.
- Antigen wikiPageExternalLink 002224.htm.
- Antigen wikiPageExternalLink www.theimmunology.com.
- Antigen wikiPageID "1915".
- Antigen wikiPageRevisionID "602824532".
- Antigen hasPhotoCollection Antigen.
- Antigen subject Category:Biomolecules.
- Antigen subject Category:Immune_system.
- Antigen comment "In immunology, an antigen (Ag), or antibody generator, is any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response. An antigen is often foreign or toxic to the body (for example, a bacterium) which, once in the body, attracts and is bound to a respective and specific antibody. That is to say, an antigen is a molecule that also induces an immune response in the body.".
- Antigen label "Antigeen".
- Antigen label "Antigen".
- Antigen label "Antigen".
- Antigen label "Antigene".
- Antigen label "Antigène".
- Antigen label "Antygen".
- Antigen label "Antígeno".
- Antigen label "Antígeno".
- Antigen label "Антиген".
- Antigen label "مستضد".
- Antigen label "抗原".
- Antigen label "抗原".
- Antigen sameAs Antigen.
- Antigen sameAs Antigen.
- Antigen sameAs Αντιγόνο.
- Antigen sameAs Antígeno.
- Antigen sameAs Antigeno.
- Antigen sameAs Antigène.
- Antigen sameAs Antigen.
- Antigen sameAs Antigene.
- Antigen sameAs 抗原.
- Antigen sameAs 항원.
- Antigen sameAs Antigeen.
- Antigen sameAs Antygen.
- Antigen sameAs Antígeno.
- Antigen sameAs m.0v5r.
- Antigen sameAs Q103537.
- Antigen sameAs Q103537.
- Antigen wasDerivedFrom Antigen?oldid=602824532.
- Antigen depiction Antibody.svg.
- Antigen isPrimaryTopicOf Antigen.