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• Bat_Creek_inscription abstract "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas. The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription that was circulating in a Freemason book were discovered. Hoax expert Kenneth Feder says the peer reviewed work of Mary L. Kwas and Robert Mainfort has "demolished" any claims of the stone's authenticity. Mainfort and Kwas themselves state "The Bat Creek stone is a fraud."Thomas inaccurately identified the characters on the stone as "beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet," a writing system for the Cherokee language invented by Sequoyah in the early 19th century. The stone became the subject of contention in 1970 when Semitist Cyrus H. Gordon proposed that the letters of inscription are Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century AD rather than Cherokee, and therefore evidence of pre-Columbian transatlantic contact. According to Gordon, five of the eight letters could be read as "for Judea." Archaeologist Marshall McKusick countered that "Despite some difficulties, Cherokee script is a closer match to that on the tablet than the late-Canaanite proposed by Gordon," but gave no details.In a 1988 article in Tennessee Anthropologist, economist J. Huston McCulloch compared the letters of the inscription to both Paleo-Hebrew and Cherokee and concluded that the fit as Paleo-Hebrew was substantially better than Cherokee. He also reported a radiocarbon date on associated wood fragments consistent with Gordon's dating of the script. In a 1991 reply, archaeologists Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas, relying on a communication from Semitist Frank Moore Cross, concluded that the inscription is not genuine paleo-Hebrew but rather a 19th-century forgery, with John W. Emmert, the Smithsonian agent who performed the excavation, the most likely responsible party. In a 1993 article in Biblical Archaeology Review, Semitist P. Kyle McCarter, Jr. stated that although the inscription "is not an authentic paleo-Hebrew inscription," it "clearly imitates one in certain features," and does contain "an intelligible sequence of five letters -- too much for coincidence." McCarter concluded, "It seems probable that we are dealing here not with a coincidental similarity but with a fraud."Mainfort and Kwas published a further article in American Antiquity in 2004, reporting their discovery of an illustration in an 1870 Masonic reference book giving an artist's impression of how the Biblical phrase "holy to Yahweh" would have appeared in Paleo-Hebrew, which bears striking similarities to the Bat Creek inscription. They conclude that Emmert most likely copied the inscription from the Masonic illustration, in order to please Thomas with an artifact that he would mistake for Cherokee.".
• Bat_Creek_inscription thumbnail Bat_Creek_Exam_5-28-10.JPG?width=300.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink annualreportofbu1218901891smit.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink ?irn=8013771.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink TA1988.pdf.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink TA1993.pdf.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink siris_sic_598?back=%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3D%2522Thomas%252C%2BCyrus%252C%2B1825-1910%2522%26facets%3DEXP_All%26page%3D1%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink bat1.html.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink bat2.html.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageExternalLink www.cherokeemuseum.org.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageID "11137542".
• Bat_Creek_inscription wikiPageRevisionID "601406987".
• Bat_Creek_inscription align "right".
• Bat_Creek_inscription caption "Coin of the First Jewish War, with Paleo-Hebrew letters similar to those Gordon claimed are present on the Bat Creek inscription.".
• Bat_Creek_inscription caption "Lithograph of the Bat Creek inscription, as first published by Thomas".
• Bat_Creek_inscription caption "Masonic artist's impression of Biblical phrase QDSh LYHWH in paleo-Hebrew script , compared with the inscribed stone.".
• Bat_Creek_inscription caption "The Cherokee syllabary, initially identified by Cyrus Thomas as the source of the letters on the Bat Creek stone.".
• Bat_Creek_inscription direction "vertical".
• Bat_Creek_inscription hasPhotoCollection Bat_Creek_inscription.
• Bat_Creek_inscription image "Bat Creek Exam 5-28-10.JPG".
• Bat_Creek_inscription image "Bat Creek Inscription 1890 Lithograph Figure 7 Inverted.jpg".
• Bat_Creek_inscription image "Cherokee_Syllabary.svg".
• Bat_Creek_inscription image "Half_Shekel.jpg".
• Bat_Creek_inscription image "Macoy Masonic Hebrew with text 1868 p134.jpg".
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:19th-century_hoaxes.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Archaeological_artifacts.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Archaeological_forgeries.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Tennessee.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Artifacts_in_the_collection_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Forgery_controversies.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Hoaxes_in_the_United_States.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Inscriptions_of_disputed_origin.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Loudon_County,_Tennessee.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Out-of-place_artifacts.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact.
• Bat_Creek_inscription subject Category:Pseudoarchaeology.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type ArchaeologicalArtifacts.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type ArchaeologicalForgeries.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Artifact100021939.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type ArtifactsInTheCollectionOfTheSmithsonianInstitution.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Copy103104594.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Counterfeit103562262.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Creation103129123.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Imitation103562126.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Object100002684.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Out-of-placeArtifacts.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type PhysicalEntity100001930.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Representation104076846.
• Bat_Creek_inscription type Whole100003553.
• Bat_Creek_inscription comment "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas. The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription that was circulating in a Freemason book were discovered.".
• Bat_Creek_inscription label "Bat Creek inscription".
• Bat_Creek_inscription label "Kamień z Bat Creek".
• Bat_Creek_inscription label "Надпись из Бэт-Крик".
• Bat_Creek_inscription sameAs Kamień_z_Bat_Creek.
• Bat_Creek_inscription sameAs m.02r18x8.
• Bat_Creek_inscription sameAs Q4312014.
• Bat_Creek_inscription sameAs Q4312014.
• Bat_Creek_inscription sameAs Bat_Creek_inscription.
• Bat_Creek_inscription wasDerivedFrom Bat_Creek_inscription?oldid=601406987.
• Bat_Creek_inscription depiction Bat_Creek_Exam_5-28-10.JPG.
• Bat_Creek_inscription isPrimaryTopicOf Bat_Creek_inscription.