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• Biological_Weapons_Convention abstract "The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention, abbreviation: BWC, or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, abbreviation: BTWC) was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of an entire category of weapons.The Convention was the result of prolonged efforts by the international community to establish a new instrument that would supplement the 1925 Geneva Protocol. The Geneva Protocol prohibited use but not possession or development of chemical and biological weapons.A draft of the BWC, submitted by the British was opened for signature on 10 April 1972 and entered into force 26 March 1975 when twenty-two governments had deposited their instruments of ratification. It currently commits the 170 states which are party to it to prohibit the development, production, and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons. However, the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance has limited the effectiveness of the Convention. As of April 2013, an additional 10 states have signed the BWC but have yet to ratify the treaty.The scope of the BWC's prohibition is defined in Article 1 (the so-called general purpose criterion). This includes all microbial and other biological agents or toxins and their means of delivery (with exceptions for medical and defensive purposes in small quantities). Subsequent Review Conferences have reaffirmed that the general purpose criterion encompasses all future scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention. It is not the objects themselves (biological agents or toxins), but rather certain purposes for which they may be employed which are prohibited; similar to Art.II, 1 in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Permitted purposes under the BWC are defined as prophylactic, protective and other peaceful purposes. The objects may not be retained in quantities that have no justification or which are inconsistent with the permitted purposes.As stated in Article 1 of the BWC:"Each State Party to this Convention undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; (2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict."↑ ↑".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention thumbnail BWC_Participation.svg?width=300.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink Institutional_governance_OPBW.pdf.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink russianbiochemicalweapons.blogspot.com.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink www.bwc2011.info.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink enforcing-non-proliferation-the-european-union-and-the-2006-btwc-review-conference.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink www.opbw.org.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink conv.html.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink tacit-diplomacy-in-life-sciences.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink BioSecondPageBWC.shtml.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageExternalLink bwc.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageID "337082".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention wikiPageRevisionID "605278682".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention conditionEffective "Ratification by 22 states".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention dateEffective "1975-03-26".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention dateSigned "1972-04-10".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention hasPhotoCollection Biological_Weapons_Convention.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention locationSigned "London, Moscow, and Washington, D.C.".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention name "Biological Weapons Convention".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention parties "170".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention signatories "179".
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:1975_in_politics.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Arms_control_treaties.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Biological_warfare.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Cold_War_treaties.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Human_rights_instruments.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Non-proliferation_treaties.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_concluded_in_1972.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_entered_into_force_in_1975.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Aruba.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Bermuda.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Gibraltar.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Greenland.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Montserrat.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Saint_Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_British_Virgin_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Cayman_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Falkland_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Faroe_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Netherlands_Antilles.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Pitcairn_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Albania.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Algeria.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Argentina.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Armenia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Australia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Austria.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Azerbaijan.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Ba'athist_Iraq.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Bahrain.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Bangladesh.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Barbados.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Belgium.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Belize.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Bhutan.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Bolivia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Botswana.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Brunei.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Burkina_Faso.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Burundi.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Cameroon.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Canada.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Cape_Verde.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Chile.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Colombia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Costa_Rica.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Croatia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Cuba.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Cyprus.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Czechoslovakia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Denmark.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Dominica.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_East_Germany.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_East_Timor.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Ecuador.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_El_Salvador.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Equatorial_Guinea.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Estonia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Fiji.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Finland.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_France.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Gabon.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Georgia_(country).
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Ghana.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Greece.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Grenada.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Guatemala.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Guinea-Bissau.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Guyana.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Honduras.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Iceland.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_India.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Indonesia.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Ireland.
• Biological_Weapons_Convention subject Category:Treaties_of_Italy.

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