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- Carbohydrate_metabolism abstract "Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. Glucose and other carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabolic pathways across species: plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis storing the absorbed energy internally, often in the form of starch or lipids. Plant components are consumed by animals and fungi, and used as fuel for cellular respiration. Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy and from lipids about 9 kcal. Energy obtained from metabolism (e.g. oxidation of glucose) is usually stored temporarily within cells in the form of ATP. Organisms capable of aerobic respiration metabolize glucose and oxygen to release energy with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.Carbohydrates can be chemically divided into complex and simple. Simple carbohydrates consist of single or double sugar units (monosaccharides and disaccharides, respectively). Sucrose or table sugar (a disaccharide) is a common example of a simple carbohydrate. Complex carbohydrates contain three or more sugar units linked in a chain, with most containing hundreds to thousands of sugar units. They are digested by enzymes to release the simple sugars. Starch, for example, is a polymer of glucose units and is typically broken down to glucose. Cellulose is also a polymer of glucose but it cannot be digested by most organisms. Some bacteria that produce enzymes for cellulose live inside the gut of some mammals such as cows, and when cows eat plants, the cellulose is broken down by the bacteria and some of it is released into the gut.Doctors once believed that eating complex carbohydrates instead of sugars would help lower blood glucose. Studies suggest that complex carbohydrates are indeed digested more slowly, and choosing complex carbohydrates may produce more stable blood sugar. The blood glucose rises and falls more slowly after the consumption of bread compared to sugars or fruit, and the carbohydrate oxidation rate rises more slowly after the consumption of bread rather than sucrose following an overnight fast. However, many complex carbohydrates such as bread, rice, and potatoes have glycemic indices that are similar to or higher than simple carbohydrates such as sucrose. Sucrose has a glycemic index lower than expected because the sucrose molecule is half fructose, which has little effect on blood glucose. The glycemic index is, therefore, a better predictor of a carbohydrate's effect on blood glucose than the classification of simple and complex.Carbohydrates are a superior short-term fuel for organisms because they are simpler to metabolize than fats or those amino acids (components of proteins) that can be used for fuel. In animals, the most important carbohydrate is glucose. The concentration of glucose in the blood is used as the main control for the central metabolic hormone, insulin. Starch, and cellulose in a few organisms (e.g., some animals (such as termites) and some microorganisms (such as protists and bacteria)), both being glucose polymers, are disassembled during digestion and absorbed as glucose. Some simple carbohydrates have their own enzymatic oxidation pathways, as do only a few of the more complex carbohydrates. The disaccharide lactose, for instance, requires the enzyme lactase to be broken into its monosaccharides components; many animals lack this enzyme in adulthood.Carbohydrates are typically stored as long polymers of glucose molecules with glycosidic bonds for structural support (e.g. chitin, cellulose) or for energy storage (e.g. glycogen, starch). However, the strong affinity of most carbohydrates for water makes storage of large quantities of carbohydrates inefficient due to the large molecular weight of the solvated water-carbohydrate complex. In most organisms, excess carbohydrates are regularly catabolised to form acetyl-CoA, which is a feed stock for the fatty acid synthesis pathway; fatty acids, triglycerides, and other lipids are commonly used for long-term energy storage. The hydrophobic character of lipids makes them a much more compact form of energy storage than hydrophilic carbohydrates. However, animals, including humans, lack the necessary enzymatic machinery and so do not synthesize glucose from lipids, though glycerol can be converted to glucose.All carbohydrates share a general formula of approximately CnH2nOn; glucose is C6H12O6. Monosaccharides may be chemically bonded together to form disaccharides such as sucrose and longer polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism wikiPageExternalLink 6homeostasisrev4.shtml.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism wikiPageExternalLink Sugars4Kids.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism wikiPageID "383675".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism wikiPageRevisionID "604032004".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism hasPhotoCollection Carbohydrate_metabolism.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism subject Category:Metabolism.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism comment "Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms.".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "Carbohydrate metabolism".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "Metabolismo de carbohidratos".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "Métabolisme des glucides".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "Suikerstofwisseling".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "Углеводный обмен".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism label "炭水化物代謝".
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Metabolismo_de_carbohidratos.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Métabolisme_des_glucides.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Metabolisme_karbohidrat.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs 炭水化物代謝.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Suikerstofwisseling.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs m.021y3q.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Q2734081.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism sameAs Q2734081.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism wasDerivedFrom Carbohydrate_metabolism?oldid=604032004.
- Carbohydrate_metabolism isPrimaryTopicOf Carbohydrate_metabolism.