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- Chromosome abstract "A chromosome is a structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomal DNA encodes most or all of an organism's genetic information; some species also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal genetic elements.Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. The DNA molecule may be circular or linear, and can be composed of 100,000 to over 3,750,000,000 nucleotides in a long chain. Typically, eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei) have large linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells (cells without defined nuclei) have smaller circular chromosomes, although there are many exceptions to this rule. Cells may contain more than one type of chromosome; for example, mitochondria in most eukaryotes and chloroplasts in plants have their own small chromosomes.In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny. Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single linear strands, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis results in the classic four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In practice "chromosome" is a rather loosely defined term. In prokaryotes and viruses, the term genophore is more appropriate when no chromatin is present. However, a large body of work uses the term chromosome regardless of chromatin content. In prokaryotes, DNA is usually arranged as a loop, which is tightly coiled in on itself, sometimes accompanied by one or more smaller, circular DNA molecules called plasmids. These small circular genomes are also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins. The simplest genophores are found in viruses: these DNA or RNA molecules are short linear or circular genophores that often lack structural proteins.[citation needed]The word chromosome comes from the Greek χρῶμα (chroma, colour) and σῶμα (soma, body) due to their property of being very strongly stained by particular dyes.".
- Chromosome thumbnail Chromosome.svg?width=300.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink PolyMecaEng.html.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink chromosomes.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink b0.html.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink predictdisorder.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink Chromosomes.html.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink eurochromnet.htm.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink en.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink www.dna-rainbow.org.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink www.ensembl.org.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink chromosomes.php.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink www.rarechromo.org.
- Chromosome wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Chromosome wikiPageID "6438".
- Chromosome wikiPageRevisionID "605831611".
- Chromosome hasPhotoCollection Chromosome.
- Chromosome subject Category:Chromosomes.
- Chromosome subject Category:Cytogenetics.
- Chromosome subject Category:Nuclear_substructures.
- Chromosome comment "A chromosome is a structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomal DNA encodes most or all of an organism's genetic information; some species also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal genetic elements.Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms.".
- Chromosome label "Chromosom".
- Chromosome label "Chromosom".
- Chromosome label "Chromosome".
- Chromosome label "Chromosome".
- Chromosome label "Chromosoom".
- Chromosome label "Cromosoma".
- Chromosome label "Cromosoma".
- Chromosome label "Cromossomo".
- Chromosome label "Хромосома".
- Chromosome label "صبغي".
- Chromosome label "染色体".
- Chromosome label "染色体".
- Chromosome sameAs Chromozom.
- Chromosome sameAs Chromosom.
- Chromosome sameAs Χρωμόσωμα.
- Chromosome sameAs Cromosoma.
- Chromosome sameAs Kromosoma.
- Chromosome sameAs Chromosome.
- Chromosome sameAs Kromosom.
- Chromosome sameAs Cromosoma.
- Chromosome sameAs 染色体.
- Chromosome sameAs 염색체.
- Chromosome sameAs Chromosoom.
- Chromosome sameAs Chromosom.
- Chromosome sameAs Cromossomo.
- Chromosome sameAs m.01w_m.
- Chromosome sameAs Q37748.
- Chromosome sameAs Q37748.
- Chromosome wasDerivedFrom Chromosome?oldid=605831611.
- Chromosome depiction Chromosome.svg.
- Chromosome isPrimaryTopicOf Chromosome.