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- Ciphertext-only_attack abstract "In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the key. The ability to obtain any information at all about the underlying plaintext is still considered a success. For example, if an adversary is sending ciphertext continuously to maintain traffic-flow security, it would be very useful to be able to distinguish real messages from nulls. Even making an informed guess of the existence of real messages would facilitate traffic analysis. In the history of cryptography, early ciphers, implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone. Cryptographers developed statistical techniques for attacking ciphertext, such as frequency analysis. Mechanical encryption devices such as Enigma made these attacks much more difficult (although, historically, Polish cryptographers were able to mount a successful ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of the Enigma by exploiting an insecure protocol for indicating the message settings). Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks. The vetting process for a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical departure from random noise. See: Advanced Encryption Standard process. Also, the field of steganography evolved, in part, to develop methods like mimic functions that allow one piece of data to adopt the statistical profile of another. Nonetheless poor cipher usage or reliance on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not been subject to thorough scrutiny has resulted in many computer-age encryption systems that are still subject to ciphertext-only attack. Examples include:Early versions of Microsoft's PPTP virtual private network software used the same RC4 key for the sender and the receiver (later versions had other problems). In any case where a stream cipher like RC4 is used twice with the same key it is open to ciphertext-only attack. See: stream cipher attack Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), the first security protocol for Wi-Fi, proved vulnerable to several attacks, most of them ciphertext-only. Some modern cipher designs have later been shown to be vulnerable to ciphertext-only attacks. For example, Akelarre. A cipher whose key space is too small is subject to brute force attack with access to nothing but ciphertext by simply trying all possible keys. All that is needed is some way to distinguish valid plaintext from random noise, which is easily done for natural languages when the ciphertext is longer than the unicity distance. One example is DES, which only has 56-bit keys. All too common current examples are commercial security products that derive keys for otherwise impregnable ciphers like AES from a user-selected password. Since users rarely employ passwords with anything close to the entropy of the cipher's key space, such systems are often quite easy to break in practice using only ciphertext. The 40-bit CSS cipher used to encrypt DVD video discs can always be broken with this method, as all that is needed is to look for MPEG-2 video data.".
- Ciphertext-only_attack wikiPageID "522938".
- Ciphertext-only_attack wikiPageRevisionID "594062719".
- Ciphertext-only_attack hasPhotoCollection Ciphertext-only_attack.
- Ciphertext-only_attack subject Category:Cryptographic_attacks.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Abstraction100002137.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Act100030358.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Activity100407535.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Attack100972621.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type CryptographicAttacks.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Event100029378.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type Operation100955060.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
- Ciphertext-only_attack type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Ciphertext-only_attack comment "In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the key. The ability to obtain any information at all about the underlying plaintext is still considered a success.".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "Atak z szyfrogramem".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "Ataque de cifrotexto conhecido".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "Attacco con solo testo cifrato".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "Ciphertext-only attack".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "هجوم النص المشفر فقط".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "唯密文攻击".
- Ciphertext-only_attack label "暗号文単独攻撃".
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Attacco_con_solo_testo_cifrato.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs 暗号文単独攻撃.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Atak_z_szyfrogramem.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Ataque_de_cifrotexto_conhecido.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs m.02l7r4.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Q2734040.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Q2734040.
- Ciphertext-only_attack sameAs Ciphertext-only_attack.
- Ciphertext-only_attack wasDerivedFrom Ciphertext-only_attack?oldid=594062719.
- Ciphertext-only_attack isPrimaryTopicOf Ciphertext-only_attack.