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- Ctenophora abstract "Ctenophora (/tɨˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the "combs", groups of cilia they use for swimming, and they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia – adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep. Ctenophores also resemble cnidarians in having a decentralized nerve net rather than a brain. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them in separate phyla.Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named. The textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth. These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use.Most species are hermaphrodites, in other words a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm; if they are both produced at the same time, the animal is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, and if the eggs and sperm mature at different times, the animal is a sequential hermaphrodite. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate.Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 525 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view at present, based on molecular phylogenetics, is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores. It appears also porifera is more related to cnidarians and bilaterians, leaving ctenophores as the basal animal clade. A recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like, and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently, probably after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the "cydippids" are not monophyletic, in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids.".
- Ctenophora domain Eukaryote.
- Ctenophora kingdom Animal.
- Ctenophora kingdom Eumetazoa.
- Ctenophora phylum Radiata.
- Ctenophora thumbnail Haeckel_Ctenophorae.jpg?width=300.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink jellyfish-and-comb-jellies.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink in-search-of-the-first-animals.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink jelly.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink 14.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink 080305144221.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink index.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink watch?v=xrZqCPGT66E.
- Ctenophora wikiPageID "62251".
- Ctenophora wikiPageRevisionID "606053228".
- Ctenophora caption "Beroe sp. swimming with open mouth, at left. This animal is 3–6 cm long.".
- Ctenophora caption "Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage.".
- Ctenophora caption "Section through a Pleurobrachia-like cydippid ctenophore. Left side shows canal from stomach to tentacle, right shows canal from stomach to comb-row.".
- Ctenophora domain Eukaryote.
- Ctenophora float "right".
- Ctenophora hasPhotoCollection Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora height "120".
- Ctenophora height "200".
- Ctenophora height "370".
- Ctenophora imageCaption ""Ctenophorae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904".
- Ctenophora imageLeft "-50".
- Ctenophora imageTop "15".
- Ctenophora imageWidth "150".
- Ctenophora imageWidth "200".
- Ctenophora imageWidth "245".
- Ctenophora name "Comb jellies".
- Ctenophora phylum "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora phylumAuthority "Eschscholtz, 1829".
- Ctenophora regnum "Animalia".
- Ctenophora subdivision Tentaculata.
- Ctenophora subdivision "Nuda".
- Ctenophora subdivisionRanks Class_(biology).
- Ctenophora subregnum Eumetazoa.
- Ctenophora unrankedPhylum Radiata.
- Ctenophora width "140".
- Ctenophora width "145".
- Ctenophora width "245".
- Ctenophora subject Category:Bioluminescent_organisms.
- Ctenophora subject Category:Ctenophores.
- Ctenophora type Animal100015388.
- Ctenophora type BioluminescentOrganisms.
- Ctenophora type Ctenophore101918744.
- Ctenophora type Ctenophores.
- Ctenophora type Invertebrate101905661.
- Ctenophora type LivingThing100004258.
- Ctenophora type Object100002684.
- Ctenophora type Organism100004475.
- Ctenophora type PhysicalEntity100001930.
- Ctenophora type Whole100003553.
- Ctenophora type Animal.
- Ctenophora type Eukaryote.
- Ctenophora type Species.
- Ctenophora type Animal.
- Ctenophora type BiologicalLivingObject.
- Ctenophora type EukaryoticCell.
- Ctenophora type Organism.
- Ctenophora comment "Ctenophora (/tɨˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the "combs", groups of cilia they use for swimming, and they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia – adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.".
- Ctenophora label "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora label "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora label "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora label "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora label "Ctenophora".
- Ctenophora label "Ribkwallen".
- Ctenophora label "Rippenquallen".
- Ctenophora label "Żebropławy".
- Ctenophora label "Гребневики".
- Ctenophora label "مشطيات".
- Ctenophora label "有櫛動物".
- Ctenophora label "栉水母".
- Ctenophora sameAs Žebernatky.
- Ctenophora sameAs Rippenquallen.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs 有櫛動物.
- Ctenophora sameAs 유즐동물.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ribkwallen.
- Ctenophora sameAs Żebropławy.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora sameAs m.0gv0j.
- Ctenophora sameAs Q102778.
- Ctenophora sameAs Q102778.
- Ctenophora sameAs Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora wasDerivedFrom Ctenophora?oldid=606053228.
- Ctenophora depiction Haeckel_Ctenophorae.jpg.
- Ctenophora isPrimaryTopicOf Ctenophora.
- Ctenophora name "Comb jellies".