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- East–West_Schism abstract "The East–West Schism is the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became commonly known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. The East–West Schism is one of the two schisms to which the term "Great Schism" is applied (the other being the Western Schism).Relations between East and West had long been embittered by ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes. Prominent among these were the issues of the source of the Holy Spirit ("filioque"), whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist, the Pope's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.In 1053, the first step was taken in the process which led to formal schism. Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople. According to the historian John Bagnell Bury, Cerularius' purpose in closing the Latin churches was "to cut short any attempt at conciliation".In 1054, the Papal legate traveled to Constantinople for purposes that included refusing to Cerularius the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch" and insisting that he recognize Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches. The main purpose of the papal legation was to seek help from the Byzantine Emperor in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and to deal with recent attacks by Leo of Ohrid against the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs, attacks that had the support of Cerularius (Michael Caerularius); Axel Bayer says the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the Emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius. On the refusal of Cerularius to accept the demand, the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert, excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated Cardinal Humbert and the other legates. This was only the first act in a centuries-long process that eventually became a complete schism.The validity of the Western legates' act is doubtful, since Pope Leo had died and Cerularius' excommunication applied only to the legates personally. Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed, with each side sometimes accusing the other of having fallen into heresy and of having initiated the division. The Crusades, the Massacre of the Latins in 1182, the West's retaliation in the Sacking of Thessalonica in 1185, the capture and sack of Constantinople in 1204, and the imposition of Latin patriarchs made reconciliation more difficult. Establishing Latin hierarchies in the Crusader states meant that there were two rival claimants to each of the patriarchal sees of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, making the existence of schism clear.The Second Council of Lyon, in 1274, and the Council of Florence in 1439 attempted to reunite the two churches. Despite acceptance by the participating eastern delegations, no effective reconciliation was realized, since the Orthodox believe that the acts of councils must be ratified by the wider Church and the acts of these councils never attained widespread acceptance among Orthodox churches. In 1484, 31 years after the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, a Synod of Constantinople repudiated the Union of Florence, officially stating the position that had already been taken by Orthodox in general.In 1965, Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Athenagoras I nullified the anathemas of 1054, although this nullification of measures taken against a few individuals was essentially a goodwill gesture and did not constitute any sort of reunion between churches. Contacts between the two sides continue: Every year a delegation from each joins in the other's celebration of its patronal feast, Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) for Rome and Saint Andrew (30 November) for Constantinople, and there have been a number of visits by the head of each to the other. The efforts of the Ecumenical Patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow Orthodox.".
- East–West_Schism wikiPageID "543935".
- East–West_Schism wikiPageRevisionID "606693373".
- East–West_Schism caption "Division between the Eastern and Western Churches".
- East–West_Schism caption "The religious distribution in 1054".
- East–West_Schism direction "vertical".
- East–West_Schism image "Expansion of christianity.jpg".
- East–West_Schism image "Great Schism 1054 with former borders.png".
- East–West_Schism width "200".
- East–West_Schism subject Category:1054_in_Europe.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:11th-century_Eastern_Orthodoxy.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:11th-century_Roman_Catholicism.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:Christian_terms.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:Christianity-related_controversies.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:Christianity_of_the_Middle_Ages.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:East–West_Schism.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:Schisms_in_Christianity.
- East–West_Schism subject Category:1054_in_religion.
- East–West_Schism comment "The East–West Schism is the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became commonly known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. The East–West Schism is one of the two schisms to which the term "Great Schism" is applied (the other being the Western Schism).Relations between East and West had long been embittered by ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.".
- East–West_Schism label "Cisma de Oriente".
- East–West_Schism label "East–West Schism".
- East–West_Schism label "Grande Cisma do Oriente".
- East–West_Schism label "Grande Scisma".
- East–West_Schism label "Morgenländisches Schisma".
- East–West_Schism label "Oosters Schisma".
- East–West_Schism label "Schisme de 1054".
- East–West_Schism label "Wielka schizma wschodnia".
- East–West_Schism label "Раскол христианской церкви (1054)".
- East–West_Schism label "الانشقاق العظيم".
- East–West_Schism label "東西教会の分裂".
- East–West_Schism label "東西教會大分裂".
- East–West_Schism sameAs East%E2%80%93West_Schism.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Velké_schizma.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Morgenländisches_Schisma.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Σχίσμα_του_1054.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Cisma_de_Oriente.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Zisma_Nagusia.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Schisme_de_1054.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Skisma_Timur–Barat.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Grande_Scisma.
- East–West_Schism sameAs 東西教会の分裂.
- East–West_Schism sameAs 동서_교회의_분열.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Oosters_Schisma.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Wielka_schizma_wschodnia.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Grande_Cisma_do_Oriente.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Q51648.
- East–West_Schism sameAs Q51648.
- East–West_Schism wasDerivedFrom East–West_Schism?oldid=606693373.