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- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society abstract "The Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820. The central concept of phrenology was that the brain is the organ of the mind and that human behaviour can therefore be usefully understood in neuropsychological rather than philosophical or religious terms. Phrenologists stressed the modularity of mind, and they were regarded as materialists and anti-religionists, wary of Christian beliefs. With their distaste for supernatural explanations, the phrenologists acted - in Edinburgh, at least - as the midwives to evolutionary theory. They also inspired a renewed interest in psychiatric disorder and its moral treatment. Founded by the lawyer George Combe, his physician brother Andrew and a close circle of friends, the Edinburgh Society was the first and foremost phrenological grouping in the Great Britain. More than forty phrenological societies followed in other parts of the British Isles.Phrenology was claimed to be scientific, but is now regarded as a pseudoscience; its formal procedures did not conform to the usual standards of scientific method. Early Edinburgh phrenologists included the publisher Robert Chambers (1802–1871), author of the proto-Darwinian masterpiece Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844); the astronomer John Pringle Nichol (1804-1859); the botanist and evolutionary thinker Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804–1881); the distinguished asylum reformer William A.F. Browne (1805–1885); and the pioneer of women's education William Ballantyne Hodgson (1815-1880). Charles Darwin, a medical student in Edinburgh in 1825/1826/1827, was much engaged in phrenological discussions at the Plinian Society and returned to Edinburgh in 1838 when formulating his concepts concerning natural selection, as recorded in his M Notebook.The Edinburgh society transformed phrenology from a simple materialist theory of the mind into a secular doctrine of healthy living with a reformist-political agenda deriving from Combe's legal/constitutional interests. Like the psychoanalysts almost a century later, the phrenologists displayed some characteristics of a cult. Many of the early members were lawyers or doctors with an interest in institutional and social reform, a flair for interdisciplinary thinking and a generally secular outlook on human life.".
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- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:1820_establishments_in_Scotland.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:1870_disestablishments.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:Clubs_and_societies_in_Scotland.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:History_of_Edinburgh.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:History_of_mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:History_of_psychiatry.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:Organisations_based_in_Edinburgh.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:Organizations_established_in_1820.
- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society subject Category:Phrenology.
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- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society type Club108227214.
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- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society type OrganisationsBasedInEdinburgh.
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- Edinburgh_Phrenological_Society comment "The Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820. The central concept of phrenology was that the brain is the organ of the mind and that human behaviour can therefore be usefully understood in neuropsychological rather than philosophical or religious terms. Phrenologists stressed the modularity of mind, and they were regarded as materialists and anti-religionists, wary of Christian beliefs.".
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