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- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 abstract "Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1931. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who won on the third ballot by just two votes. The turnout for the popular vote was 47.3%. This presidential election was held during an ideologically, politically, socially and economically tense time. The Great Depression was impoverishing many Finnish farmers and workers. The far-right Lapua Movement had not settled for the ban of the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations in the autumn of 1930. It wanted to help elect a President who would also strongly oppose the Social Democrats and moderate bourgeois parties, such as the Progressives. Although Svinhufvud disapproved of the Lapua Movement's violent kidnappings of left-wing politicians and other illegal acts, he was their preferred presidential candidate. Former President K.J. Ståhlberg, a champion of democracy, parliamentarism and the rule of law, had been briefly kidnapped by some activists of the Lapua Movement with his wife in October 1930. He was chosen as the Progressive presidential candidate. Speaker of the Finnish Parliament, Kyösti Kallio, held ideals similar to those of Ståhlberg, and he became the Agrarian presidential candidate. The outgoing President, Lauri Kristian Relander, had lost the Agrarian presidential candidacy to Kallio, because he did not condemn the Lapua Movement as strongly as Kallio did, and a sufficient number of Agrarians believed that Kallio could control the Lapua Movement's extremists more effectively than Relander. Right-wing Finns and some centrists, such as a prominent Agrarian parliamentarian, Juho Niukkanen, were concerned that Ståhlberg's re-election (after a six-year break) as the Finnish President would escalate political tensions in Finland. The Commander-in-Chief of the Civil Guards (a bourgeois voluntary defence organization), Major General Lauri Malmberg, announced in the Finnish Parliament that he would not guarantee order among the Civil Guards, if Ståhlberg was elected President. Svinhufvud's razor-thin victory required Niukkanen's arm-twisting tactics, whereby he pressured all the Agrarian presidential electors to support Svinhufvud. This 69-year-old and slightly ailing conservative politician was considered by his supporters as a sufficiently bold, solid and patriotic man to re-unite the ideologically divided Finns. His pro-democracy supporters hoped that he could keep both right-wing extremists and left-wing extremists in check (see, for example, Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I. Helsinki: Otava Ltd., 1994, pgs. 242-245 (Relander), pgs. 11-14 (Svinhufvud); Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia, volumes 1&2. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society / Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2009, pgs. 810-816; Raimo Salokangas, "The Independent Republic" (Itsenäinen tasavalta), pgs. 635-639 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki: WSOY, 2003).".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 affiliation National_Coalition_Party.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 country Finland.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 startDate "1931-01-16".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 thumbnail P._E._Svinhufvud.png?width=300.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 title "Finnish presidential election, 1931".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 wikiPageID "33884548".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 wikiPageRevisionID "592901561".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 afterElection Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 afterParty "National Coalition Party".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 beforeElection Lauri_Kristian_Relander.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 beforeParty "Agrarian League".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 colour "FFFF00".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 country "Finland".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 electionDate "--01-16".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 electionName "Finnish presidential election, 1931".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 electoralVote "149".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 electoralVote "151".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 hasPhotoCollection Finnish_presidential_election,_1931.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 image "101".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 nextElection "Finnish presidential election, 1937".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 nextYear "1937".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 nominee Kaarlo_Juho_Ståhlberg.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 nominee Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 ongoing "no".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 party "National Coalition Party".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 party "National Progressive Party".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 previousElection "Finnish presidential election, 1925".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 previousYear "1925".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 title "President".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type "presidential".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 subject Category:1931_elections_in_Europe.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 subject Category:1931_in_Finland.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 subject Category:Presidential_elections_in_Finland.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type Election.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type Event.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type SocietalEvent.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type Event.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type Event.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 type Thing.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 comment "Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1931. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who won on the third ballot by just two votes. The turnout for the popular vote was 47.3%. This presidential election was held during an ideologically, politically, socially and economically tense time.".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 label "Finnish presidential election, 1931".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 label "Präsidentschaftswahl in Finnland 1931".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 label "Президентские выборы в Финляндии (1931)".
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 sameAs Präsidentschaftswahl_in_Finnland_1931.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 sameAs m.0hn84fw.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 sameAs Q1326830.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 sameAs Q1326830.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 wasDerivedFrom Finnish_presidential_election,_1931?oldid=592901561.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 depiction P._E._Svinhufvud.png.
- Finnish_presidential_election,_1931 isPrimaryTopicOf Finnish_presidential_election,_1931.