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• Flag_of_Japan abstract "The national flag of Japan is a white rectangular flag with a large red disc (representing the sun) in the center. This flag is officially called Nisshōki (日章旗, "sun-mark flag") in Japanese, but is more commonly known as Hinomaru (日の丸, "circle of the sun").The Nisshōki flag is designated as the national flag in the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, which was promulgated and became effective on August 13, 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the de facto national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the Daijō-kan, the governmental body of the early Meiji Era, each had a provision for a design of the national flag. A sun-disc flag was adopted as the national flag for merchant ships under Proclamation No. 57 of Meiji 3 (issued on February 27, 1870), and as the national flag used by the Navy under Proclamation No. 651 of Meiji 3 (issued on October 27, 1870). Use of the Hinomaru was severely restricted during the early years of the American occupation after World War II; these restrictions were later relaxed.In early Japanese history, the Hinomaru motif was used on flags of daimyos and samurai. The ancient history Shoku Nihongi says that Emperor Mommu used a flag representing the sun in his court in 701, and this is the first recorded use of a sun-motif flag in Japan. The oldest existing flag is preserved in Unpō-ji temple, Kōshū, Yamanashi, which is older than the 16th century, and an ancient legend says that the flag was given to the temple by Emperor Go-Reizei in the 11th century. During the Meiji Restoration, both the sun disc and the Rising Sun Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy became major symbols in the emerging Japanese empire. Propaganda posters, textbooks, and films depicted the flag as a source of pride and patriotism. In Japanese homes, citizens were required to display the flag during national holidays, celebrations and other occasions as decreed by the government. Different tokens of devotion to Japan and its emperor featuring the Hinomaru motif became popular during the Second Sino-Japanese War and other conflicts. These tokens ranged from slogans written on the flag to clothing items and dishes that resembled the flag.Public perception of the national flag varies. To some Japanese, the flag represents Japan, and no other flag could take its place.[citation needed] However, the flag is not frequently displayed in Japan due to its association with ultranationalism. The use of the flag and the national anthem Kimigayo have been a contentious issue for Japan's public schools since the end of World War II (the Pacific War). Disputes about their use have led to protests and lawsuits. To Okinawans, the flag represents the events of World War II and the subsequent U.S. military presence there. For some nations that had been occupied by Japan, the flag is a symbol of aggression and imperialism. The Hinomaru was used as a tool against occupied nations for purposes of intimidation, asserting Japan's dominance, or subjugation. Despite the negative connotations, Western and Japanese sources claim the flag is a powerful and enduring symbol to the Japanese. Several military banners of Japan are based on the Hinomaru, including the sunrayed Naval Ensign. The Hinomaru also serves as a template for other Japanese flags in public and private use.".
• Flag_of_Japan thumbnail Flag_of_Japan.svg?width=300.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink books?id=O3UYAAAAIAAJ&q=European+flags+Japan&dq=European+flags+Japan&client=firefox-a&cd=2.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink books?id=oXxCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA24&dq=japan+rising+sun+607.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink koushitsugiseirei.htm.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink S29SE179.html.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink ax19551227_00044_000.pdf.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink ax19720314_00003_000.pdf.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink ey19621224_00119_000.pdf.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink keimu-105.html.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageExternalLink protocol.html.
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageID "144954".
• Flag_of_Japan wikiPageRevisionID "605129082".
• Flag_of_Japan accessdate "2008-01-25".
• Flag_of_Japan accessdate "2009-09-25".
• Flag_of_Japan accessdate "2009-12-15".
• Flag_of_Japan accessdate "2010-01-14".
• Flag_of_Japan accessdate "2010-02-06".
• Flag_of_Japan adoption "--02-27".
• Flag_of_Japan adoption "--08-13".
• Flag_of_Japan adoption "--10-07".
• Flag_of_Japan archivedate "2011-07-19".
• Flag_of_Japan archiveurl "http://web.archive.org/web/20110719225247/http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soumu/bunsyo/kenhouki/reiki_honbun/ar20000231.html".
• Flag_of_Japan author Whitney_Smith.
• Flag_of_Japan author "Ashkenazi, Michael".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Aspinall, Robert W".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Befu, Harumi".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Borneman, John".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Carpenter, Ronald H".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Carr, Harold Gresham; Frederick Edward Hulme".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Cutler, Thomas".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Dyer, Henry".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Anne Walthall; James Palais".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Edgington, David William".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Feiler, Bruce".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Feldman, David".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Fujitani, Takashi".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Gordon, William".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Hall, James".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Heenan, Patrick".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Inoguchi, Takashi; Purnendra Jain".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Itoh, Mayumi".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Kataoka, Tetsuya".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Khan, Yoshimitsu".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Large, Stephen".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Lauterpacht, Elihu".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Mangan, J.A.; Finn, Gerry; Giulianotti, Richard and Majumdar, Boria".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Matoba, Seinosuke".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Meyer, Milton".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Newell, William".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Nornes, Abe Mark".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Partner, Simon".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Röhl, Wilhelm".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Saito, Shinya".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Smith, Whitney".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Takahashi, Yuuichi".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Takenaka, Yoshiharu".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Taylor, Jean Gelman".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Tazagi, Shirou".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Tipton, Elise".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Trevor, Malcolm".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Turnbull, Stephen; Howard Gerrard".
• Flag_of_Japan author "Yamazumi, Masami".
• Flag_of_Japan chapter "Symbols of nationalism and Nihonjinron".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1870-02-27".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1870-10-03".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1912-07-30".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1954-06-30".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1962-12-24".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1968-07-16".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1999-08-13".
• Flag_of_Japan date "1999-11-18".
• Flag_of_Japan date "2003-03-27".
• Flag_of_Japan date "2003-03-29".
• Flag_of_Japan date "2008-03-25".
• Flag_of_Japan design "A red sun-disc centered on a white field".
• Flag_of_Japan design "The Rising Sun Flag as used by the JMSDF; White with a red disc slightly to the hoist with 16 rays extending from the disc to the edges of the flag.".
• Flag_of_Japan editor "C. J. Greenwood and A. G. Oppenheimer".
• Flag_of_Japan editor "Goodman, Roger and Kirsten Refsing".
• Flag_of_Japan format "PDF".
• Flag_of_Japan hasPhotoCollection Flag_of_Japan.
• Flag_of_Japan id "jp".
• Flag_of_Japan image "Naval Ensign of Japan.svg".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "0".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "0978-04-02".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "1".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "4".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "978".
• Flag_of_Japan isbn "9971".
• Flag_of_Japan location "London; New York".
• Flag_of_Japan name "Japan".
• Flag_of_Japan nickname "Nisshōki or Hinomaru".
• Flag_of_Japan noborder "no".
• Flag_of_Japan proportion "2".
• Flag_of_Japan publisher "ABC-CLIO".
• Flag_of_Japan publisher "Asahi Shimbun Publishing".

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