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• French_invasion_of_Russia abstract "The French Invasion of Russia (French: Campagne de Russie) or the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian: Отечественная война 1812 года) began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. Napoleon named the campaign the Second Polish War to curry favor with the Poles and provide a political pretense for his actions.The Grande Armée was a very large force, numbering approximately half a million men (sources differ) from several different nations. Through a series of long marches Napoleon pushed the army rapidly through Western Russia in an attempt to bring the Russian army to battle, winning a number of minor engagements and a major battle at Smolensk in August. Napoleon hoped the battle would mean an end of the march into Russia, but the Russian army slipped away from the engagement and continued to retreat into Russia, while leaving Smolensk to burn. Plans Napoleon had made to quarter at Smolensk were abandoned, and he pressed his army on after the Russians.As the Russian army fell back Cossacks were given the task of burning villages, towns and crops. This was intended to deny the invaders the option of living off the land. These scorched-earth tactics greatly surprised and disturbed the French, as the willingness of the Russians to destroy their own territory and harm their own people was difficult for the French to comprehend. The actions forced the French to rely on a supply system that was incapable of feeding the large army in the field. Starvation and privation compelled French soldiers to leave their camps at night in search of food. These men were frequently confronted by parties of Cossacks, who captured or killed them.The Russian army retreated into Russia for almost three months. The continual retreat and the loss of lands to the French upset the Russian nobility. They pressured Alexander I to relieve the commander of the Russian army, Field Marshal Barclay. Alexander I complied, appointing an old veteran, Prince Mikhail Kutuzov, to take over command of the army.On 7 September the French caught up with the Russian army which had dug itself in on hillsides before a small town called Borodino, seventy miles west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 soldiers and resulting in 70,000 casualties. The French gained a victory, but at the cost of 49 general officers and thousands of men. The Russian army was able to extricate itself and withdrew the following day, leaving the French without the decisive victory Napoleon sought.Napoleon entered Moscow a week later. In another turn of events the French found puzzling, there was no delegation to meet the Emperor. The Russians had evacuated the city, and the city's governor, Count Fyodor Rostopchin, had ordered the city to be burnt. Napoleon's hopes had been set upon a victorious end to his campaign, but victory in the field did not yield him victory in the war. The loss of Moscow did not compel Alexander I to sue for peace, and both sides were aware that Napoleon's position grew worse with each passing day. Napoleon stayed on in Moscow looking to negotiate a peace, his hopes fed in part by a disinformation campaign informing the Emperor of supposed discontent and fading morale in the Russian camp. After staying a month Napoleon moved his army out southwest toward Kaluga, where Kutuzov was encamped with the Russian army.The French advance toward Kaluga was checked by a Russian corps. Napoleon tried once more to engage the Russian army for a decisive action at the Battle of Maloyaroslavets. Despite holding a superior position, the Russians retreated following a sharp engagement, confirming that the Russians would not commit themselves to a pitched battle. His troops exhausted, with few rations, no winter clothing, and his remaining horses in poor condition, Napoleon was forced to retreat. He hoped to reach supplies at Smolensk and later at Vilnius. In the weeks that followed the Grande Armée starved and suffered from the onset of the Russian Winter. Lack of food and fodder for the horses, hypothermia from the bitter cold and persistent attacks upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and Cossacks led to great losses in men, and a general loss of discipline and cohesion in the army. When the remnants of Napoleon's army crossed the Berezina River in November, only 27,000 fit soldiers remained; the Grand Armée had lost some 380,000 men dead and 100,000 captured. Following the crossing of the Berezina Napoleon left the army, after much urging from his advisors and with the unanimous approval of his Marshals. He returned to Paris by carriage and sledge to protect his position as Emperor and to raise more forces to resist the advancing Russians. The campaign effectively ended on 14 December 1812, not quite six months from its outset, with the last French troops leaving Russian soil.The campaign was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. The reputation of Napoleon was severely shaken, and French hegemony in Europe was dramatically weakened. The Grande Armée, made up of French and allied invasion forces, was reduced to a fraction of its initial strength. These events triggered a major shift in European politics. France's ally Prussia, soon followed by Austria, broke their alliance with France and switched camps. This triggered the War of the Sixth Coalition.".
• French_invasion_of_Russia causalties "Deaths: 380,000".
• French_invasion_of_Russia causalties "Of these, 50,000 were Austrians and Prussians, 20,000 Poles and 35,000 Frenchmen.".
• French_invasion_of_Russia causalties "Survivors: 120,000 men (excluding early deserters).".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "* Confederation of the Rhine".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "* Duchy of Warsaw".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "* Napoleonic Spain".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "* Swiss Confederation".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "*".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "** Bavaria".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "** Berg".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "** Saxony".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "**".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "Allies:".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "French Empire".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Alexander_I_of_Russia.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Alexander_Tormasov.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Jacques_MacDonald.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Joachim_Murat.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Julius_von_Grawert.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Louis-Alexandre_Berthier.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Louis-Nicolas_Davout.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Michel_Ney.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Mikhail_Kutuzov.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Napoleon.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Nicolas_Oudinot.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Pavel_Chichagov.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Peter_Wittgenstein.
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander Pyotr_Bagration.
• French_invasion_of_Russia date "1812-12-14".
• French_invasion_of_Russia isPartOfMilitaryConflict Napoleonic_Wars.
• French_invasion_of_Russia place Russian_Empire.
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Decisive Russian victory".
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Destruction of French Allied Army".
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Start of the War of the Sixth Coalition".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "Around 900,000 men at peak".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "Grande Armée:".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "Imperial Russian Army:".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "regulars: 198,250 June 20th".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "~685,000".
• French_invasion_of_Russia thumbnail Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg?width=300.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink 2up.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink nap_sup_1812.htm.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink 5262.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink Invasion_of_Russia_1812.htm.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink book3097.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink minard.htm.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink zoom.htm.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink 1en.html.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink CHEW.asp.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink 0070527318.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink 18113.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink esdaile_10_09.html.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink Moscows_Cathedral_Kirichenko.pdf.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageExternalLink The_Dutch_Experience_and_Memory_of_the_Campaign_of_1812_a_Final_Feat_of_Arms_of_the_Dutch_Imperial_Contingent_or_the_Resurrection_of_an_Independent_Dutch_Armed_Forces.
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageID "24334819".
• French_invasion_of_Russia wikiPageRevisionID "606729404".
• French_invasion_of_Russia caption "Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, a painting by Adolph Northen.".
• French_invasion_of_Russia casualties "Deaths: 210,000 +125,000 missing".
• French_invasion_of_Russia casualties "Deaths: 380,000".
• French_invasion_of_Russia casualties "Of these, 50,000 were Austrians and Prussians, 20,000 Poles and 35,000 Frenchmen.".
• French_invasion_of_Russia casualties "Survivors: 120,000 men .".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "* Duchy of Warsaw * * * Confederation of the Rhine ** ** Bavaria ** Berg ** Saxony ** * Napoleonic Spain * Swiss Confederation Allies:".
• French_invasion_of_Russia combatant "French Empire".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "23".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Alexander Tormasov".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Eugène de Beauharnais".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Jacques MacDonald".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Jerome I".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Joachim I".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Johann Yorck".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Julius von Grawert".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Józef Poniatowski".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Karl Philipp".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Louis Alexandre Berthier".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Louis-Nicolas Davout".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Michel Ney".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Mikhail Kutuzov".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Nicolas Oudinot".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Pavel Chichagov".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Peter Wittgenstein".
• French_invasion_of_Russia commander "Pyotr Bagration".
• French_invasion_of_Russia conflict "French invasion of Russia".
• French_invasion_of_Russia date "--06-24".
• French_invasion_of_Russia hasPhotoCollection French_invasion_of_Russia.
• French_invasion_of_Russia partof Napoleonic_Wars.
• French_invasion_of_Russia place Russian_Empire.
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Decisive Russian victory".
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Destruction of French Allied Army".
• French_invasion_of_Russia result "Start of the War of the Sixth Coalition".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "--06-20".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "Around 900,000 men at peak".
• French_invasion_of_Russia strength "Grande Armée:".

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