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• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor abstract "The Heterogeneous Element Processor (HEP) was introduced by Denelcor, Inc. in 1982 as the world's first commercial MIMD computer. The HEP's architect was Burton Smith. A HEP system, as the name implies, was pieced together from many heterogeneous components -- processors, data memory modules, and I/O modules. The components were connected via a switched network.A single processor, called a PEM, in a HEP system (up to sixteen PEMs could be connected) was rather unconventional; via a "program status word (PSW) queue," up to fifty processes could be maintained in hardware at once. The largest system ever delivered had 4 PEMs. The eight-stage instruction pipeline allowed instructions from eight different processes to proceed at once. In fact, only one instruction from a given process was allowed to be present in the pipeline at any point in time. Therefore, the full processor throughput of 10 MIPS could only be achieved when eight or more processes were active; no single process could achieve throughput greater than 1.25 MIPS. This type of multithreading processing classifies the HEP as a barrel processor. The hardware implementation of the HEP PEM was emitter coupled logic.Processes were classified as either user-level or supervisor-level. User-level processes could create supervisor-level processes, which were used to manage user-level processes and perform I/O. Processes of the same class were required to be grouped into one of seven user tasks and seven supervisor tasks.Each processor, in addition to the PSW queue and instruction pipeline, contained instruction memory, 2,048 64-bit general purpose registers and 4,096 constant registers. Constant registers were differentiated by the fact that only supervisor processes could modify their contents. The processors themselves contained no data memory; instead, data memory modules could be separately attached to the switched network.The HEP memory consisted of completely separate instruction memory (up to 128 MBs) and data memory (up to 1 GB). Users saw 64-bit words, but in reality, these words were 72-bit with the extra bits used for state, see next paragraph, parity, tagging, and other uses.The HEP implemented a type of mutual exclusion in which all registers and locations in data memory had associated "empty" and "full" states. Reading from a location set the state to "empty," while writing to it set the state to "full." A programmer could allow processes to halt after trying to read from an empty location or write to a full location, enforcing critical sections.The switched network between elements resembled, in many ways, a modern computer network. On the network were sets of nodes, each of which had three links. When a packet arrived at a node, it consulted a routing table and attempted to forward the packet closer to its destination. If a node became congested, any incoming packets were passed on without routing. Packets treated in such a manner had their priority level increased; when several packets vied for a single node, a packet with a higher priority level would be routed before ones with lower priority levels.The HEP's primary application programming language was unique Fortran variant. In time C, Pascal, and SISAL were added. The syntax of data variables using full-empty bits prepended '$' before their name. So 'A' would name a local variable, but $A would be a locking full-empty variable. Application dead-lock was thus possible. Problematic, failure to '$' could introduce unintended numerical inaccuracy.The first HEP operating system was HEPOS. Mike Muuss was involved in a Unix port for the Ballistics Research Laboratory. HEPOS was not a Unix-like operating system.Although it was known to have poor cost-performance, the HEP received attention due to what were, at the time, several revolutionary features. The HEP had the performance of a CDC 7600-class computer in the Cray-1 era. HEP systems were acquired by Los Alamos, the Argonne National Laboratory, the Ballistic Research Laboratory, probably the National Security Agency, and Germany's Messerschmitt which had the only 4 processor PEM system. Messerschmitt was the only client to put the HEP into use for "real" applications; the other clients used it for experimenting with parallel algorithms. The HEP attracted widespread attention despite its terrible cost performance because of its many interesting hardware features that attempted to facilitate performance.Faster and larger designs for HEP-2 and HEP-3 were started but never completed. The architectural concept would later be embodied with code-named Horizon.".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor wikiPageID "615487".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor wikiPageRevisionID "588353910".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor hasPhotoCollection Heterogeneous_Element_Processor.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor subject Category:Parallel_computing.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor subject Category:Supercomputer.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor comment "The Heterogeneous Element Processor (HEP) was introduced by Denelcor, Inc. in 1982 as the world's first commercial MIMD computer. The HEP's architect was Burton Smith. A HEP system, as the name implies, was pieced together from many heterogeneous components -- processors, data memory modules, and I/O modules.".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor label "Heterogeneous Element Processor".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor label "Heterogeneous Element Processor".
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor sameAs Heterogeneous_Element_Processor.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor sameAs m.02ww7v.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor sameAs Q3785377.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor sameAs Q3785377.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor wasDerivedFrom Heterogeneous_Element_Processor?oldid=588353910.
• Heterogeneous_Element_Processor isPrimaryTopicOf Heterogeneous_Element_Processor.