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- Late_Roman_army abstract "The term Late Roman army has been used in modern scholarship to denote the military forces of the Roman Empire from the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in 284 until the Empire's definitive division into eastern and western sections in 395 at least, and in many cases until the formal dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 476. During the period 395-476, the western army progressively disintegrated, while its eastern counterpart, known as the East Roman army (or early Byzantine army) remained largely intact in size and structure until the reign of Justinian I (ended 565).The Imperial Roman army of the Principate (30 BC - AD 284) underwent a significant transformation as a result of the chaotic 3rd century. Unlike the army of the Principate, the army of the 4th century was heavily dependent on conscription and its soldiers were paid much less than in the 2nd century. Barbarians from outside the empire probably supplied a much larger proportion of the late army's recruits than in the army of the 1st and 2nd centuries, but there is little evidence that this adversely affected the army's performance.Scholarly estimates of the size of the 4th-century army diverge widely, ranging from ca. 400,000 to over one million effectives (i.e. from roughly the same size as the 2nd-century army to 2 or 3 times larger). This is due to fragmentary evidence, unlike the much better-documented 2nd-century army.Under the Tetrarchy, military commands were separated from administrative governorships for the first time. (Under the Principate, provincial governors were also commanders-in-chief of all military forces deployed in their provinces).The main change in structure from the 2nd-century army was the establishment of large escort armies (comitatus praesentales), typically containing 20-30,000 top-grade palatini troops. These were normally based near the imperial capitals: (Constantinople in the East, Milan in the West), thus far from the Empire's borders. These armies' primary function was to deter usurpations, and they usually campaigned under the personal command of their emperors. The legions were split up into smaller units comparable in size to the auxiliary regiments of the Principate. Infantry adopted the more protective equipment of the Principate cavalry.The role of cavalry in the late army does not appear to have been greatly enhanced as compared with the army of the Principate. The evidence is that cavalry was much the same proportion of overall army numbers as in the 2nd century and that its tactical role and prestige remained similar. However, the cavalry was endowed with greater numbers of specialised units, such as extra-heavy shock cavalry (cataphractarii and clibanarii) and mounted archers. During the later 4th century, the cavalry acquired a reputation for incompetence and cowardice for their role in three major battles. In contrast, the infantry retained its traditional reputation for excellence.The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the upgrading of many existing border forts to make them more defensible, as well as the construction of new forts with stronger defenses. The interpretation of this trend has fuelled an ongoing debate whether the army adopted a defence-in-depth strategy or continued the same posture of "forward defence" as in the early Principate. Many elements of the late army's defence posture were similar to those associated with forward defence, such as forward location of forts, frequent cross-border operations, and external buffer-zones of allied barbarian tribes. Whatever the defence strategy, it was apparently less successful in preventing barbarian incursions than in the 1st and 2nd centuries. This may have been due to heavier barbarian pressure, and/or to the practice of keeping large armies of the best troops in the interior, depriving the border forces of sufficient support.".
- Late_Roman_army activeYearsEndYear "0476".
- Late_Roman_army activeYearsStartYear "0284".
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Adrianople.
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Ctesiphon.
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Satala_(298).
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Strasbourg.
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains.
- Late_Roman_army country Roman_Empire.
- Late_Roman_army militaryUnitSize "[[#Army size".
- Late_Roman_army thumbnail Venice_–_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg?width=300.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink www.comitatus.net.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink www.durolitum.co.uk.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Late.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Bibliotheca.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink paintingcataphract.jpg.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Ammianus_Marcellinus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Zosimus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageID "14531824".
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageRevisionID "604509936".
- Late_Roman_army align "right".
- Late_Roman_army battles "Satala , Strasbourg , Ctesiphon , Adrianople and Catalaunian Plains (Chalons)".
- Late_Roman_army branch "Army".
- Late_Roman_army country Roman_Empire.
- Late_Roman_army dates "AD 284 - 476 and to 640 ca.".
- Late_Roman_army disbanded "The Western army disintegrated AD 425-70, whilst the East Roman army continued unchanged until the arab invasion, after which the theme system was created.".
- Late_Roman_army equipment Comitatenses.
- Late_Roman_army equipment Foederati.
- Late_Roman_army equipment Limitanei.
- Late_Roman_army equipment Palatini_(Roman_military).
- Late_Roman_army equipment Scholae.
- Late_Roman_army equipmentLabel "Unit seniority and type".
- Late_Roman_army hasPhotoCollection Late_Roman_army.
- Late_Roman_army image paintingcataphract.jpg.
- Late_Roman_army size "[[#Army size".
- Late_Roman_army unitName "Late Roman Army".
- Late_Roman_army width "210".
- Late_Roman_army subject Category:Late_Roman_military.
- Late_Roman_army subject Category:Military_of_ancient_Rome.
- Late_Roman_army subject Category:Roman_Empire.
- Late_Roman_army type Abstraction100002137.
- Late_Roman_army type Group100031264.
- Late_Roman_army type MilitaryUnit108198398.
- Late_Roman_army type Organization108008335.
- Late_Roman_army type SocialGroup107950920.
- Late_Roman_army type Unit108189659.
- Late_Roman_army type YagoLegalActor.
- Late_Roman_army type YagoLegalActorGeo.
- Late_Roman_army type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Late_Roman_army type Agent.
- Late_Roman_army type MilitaryUnit.
- Late_Roman_army type Organisation.
- Late_Roman_army type Organization.
- Late_Roman_army type Agent.
- Late_Roman_army type SocialPerson.
- Late_Roman_army type Thing.
- Late_Roman_army comment "The term Late Roman army has been used in modern scholarship to denote the military forces of the Roman Empire from the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in 284 until the Empire's definitive division into eastern and western sections in 395 at least, and in many cases until the formal dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 476.".
- Late_Roman_army label "Armée romaine tardive".
- Late_Roman_army label "Ejército romano tardío".
- Late_Roman_army label "Late Roman army".
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Ejército_romano_tardío.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Armée_romaine_tardive.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Pasukan_Romawi_akhir.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs m.03d6ms5.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Q4859057.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Q4859057.
- Late_Roman_army sameAs Late_Roman_army.
- Late_Roman_army wasDerivedFrom Late_Roman_army?oldid=604509936.
- Late_Roman_army depiction Venice_–_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg.
- Late_Roman_army isPrimaryTopicOf Late_Roman_army.
- Late_Roman_army name "Late Roman Army".