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- List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators abstract "The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. Nine African Americans have served in the United States Senate. No African American served in the elective office before the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal government and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Of the nine senators, four were popularly elected, two were elected by the Mississippi State Senate, and three were appointed by a state Governor. The 113th United States Congress marked the first time that two African Americans have served concurrently in the Senate.The first two African-American senators represented the state of Mississippi during the Reconstruction Era, following the American Civil War. Hiram Rhodes Revels, the first African American to serve, was elected by the Mississippi State Senate to succeed Albert G. Brown, who resigned during the Civil War. Some members of the United States Senate opposed his being seated based on the Dred Scott Decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, claiming that Revels did not meet the citizenship requirement. The Mississippi State Senate then elected Blanche Bruce in 1875, but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi State Senate, and Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881.The next African-American United States Senator, Edward Brooke of Massachusetts, took office in 1967. He was the first African American to be elected by popular vote after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913, rather than be elected by the state legislature. The Seventeenth Amendment established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. Carol Moseley Braun and Barack Obama were both elected by the voters of Illinois, entering the Senate in 1993 and 2004, respectively. Carol Moseley Braun is the first and last African-American woman to be elected - or appointed - to the Senate after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. While serving in the Senate, Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. Roland Burris, also an African American, was appointed to fill the remainder of Obama's term. The next two African-American Senators, Tim Scott of South Carolina and Mo Cowan of Massachusetts, were both appointed by their state's governors to fill the terms of Jim DeMint and John Kerry, respectively, who had resigned their positions. On October 16, 2013, citizens of New Jersey elected Cory Booker in a special election to fill the seat of the late Senator Frank R. Lautenberg. Sworn into office on October 31, 2013, he is the first African American Senator to be elected since Barack Obama in 2004 and the first to represent the state of New Jersey.As of 2013, there have been 1,949 members of the United States Senate, but only nine have been African American. Sheila Jackson Lee, an African-American member of the United States House of Representatives, said "I frankly think it's a shame, and I think it is reflective of America sometimes still idling in the past." While 58 nationwide organizations exists to elect female candidates to the United States Congress - including EMILY's List and the Susan B. Anthony List - no such organization exists to elect African-American candidates.".
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- List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators comment "The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. Nine African Americans have served in the United States Senate. No African American served in the elective office before the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870.".
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