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- List_of_Shakespeare_authorship_candidates abstract "Claims that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works traditionally attributed to him were first explicitly made in the 19th century, though supporters of the theory often argue that coded assertions of alternative authorship exist in texts dating back to Shakespeare's lifetime. Typically, they say that the historical Shakespeare was merely a front to shield the identity of the real author or authors, who, for reasons such as social rank, state security, or gender, could not safely take public credit. Although these claims have attracted much public interest, all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider them to be fringe theories with no hard evidence, and for the most part disregard them except to rebut or disparage the claims.The basis for these theories can be traced to the 18th century, when, more than 150 years after his death, Shakespeare's status was elevated to that of the greatest writer of all time. Shakespeare’s pre-eminence seemed incongruous with his humble origins and obscure life, arousing suspicion that he was not the author of the works attributed to him.Public debate and a prolific body of literature dates from the mid-19th century, and numerous historical figures, including Francis Bacon, the Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe and the Earl of Derby, have since been nominated as the true author.At the same time, the influence of biblical higher criticism led some authors to take the view that Shakespeare's works could be the product of the collaborative efforts of many authors.Promoters of various authorship theories assert that their own candidate is a more plausible author in terms of education, life experience, and/or social status. Most candidates are either members of the upper social classes, or are known poets and playwrights of the day. Proponents argue that the documented life of William Shakespeare lacks the education, aristocratic sensibility, or familiarity with the royal court which they say is apparent in the works.Mainstream Shakespeare scholars maintain that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable for attributing authorship, and that the convergence of documentary evidence for Shakespeare’s authorship—title pages, testimony by other contemporary poets and historians and official records—is the same as that for any other author of the time. No such supporting evidence exists for any other candidate, and Shakespeare’s authorship was not questioned during his lifetime or for centuries after his death.Despite the scholastic consensus, a relatively small but highly visible and diverse assortment of supporters, including some prominent public figures, are confident that someone other than William Shakespeare wrote the works. They campaign to gain public acceptance of the authorship question as a legitimate field of academic inquiry and to promote one or another of the various authorship candidates through publications, organizations, online discussion groups and conferences.See also Shakespeare authorship question; History of the Shakespeare authorship question.This list of 84 candidates is in alphabetical order of surname, so that aristocrats appear under their family name, rather than their title (e.g. "De Vere, Edward" rather than "Oxford, Earl of").Alexander, William (1568–1640), 1st Earl of Stirling.Andrewes, Lancelot (1555–1626), Bishop of Winchester.Bacon, Anthony (1558–1601), statesman, spy.Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), lawyer, scholar, essayist. - see Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorshipBarnard, John (1604–74), husband of Shakespeare's granddaughter, proposed by Finch Barnard in 1914. Barnes, Barnabe (1571–1609), poet, playwright.Barnfield, Richard (1574–1620), poet.Blount, Charles (1563–1606), 8th Baron Mountjoy and 1st Earl of Devonshire.Bodley, Rev. Miles (ca. 1553– ca. 1611), Bible scholar; proposed in 1940 (mistakenly as "Sir Miles Bodley") by W. M. Cunningham.Bodley, Sir Thomas (1545–1613), diplomat, scholar.Burbage, Richard (1567–1619), actor.Burton, Robert (1577–1640), scholar.Butts, William (d. 1583), patron of literature; proposed by Walter Conrad Arensberg.Campion, Edmund (1540–1581), poet; proposed by Joanne Ambrose in 2005.Cecil, Robert (1563–1612), 1st Earl of Salisbury, statesman.Chettle, Henry (1560–1607), playwright, polemicist.Daniel, Samuel (1562–1619), poet, historian.de Cervantes, Miguel (1547-1616), Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright; proposed by Carlos Fuentes in 1976.de Vere, Edward (1550–1604), 17th Earl of Oxford, first proposed by J. Thomas Looney in 1920. - see Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorshipDefoe, Daniel (1660-1731), novelist, proposed by George Magruder Battey.Dekker, Thomas (1572–1632), playwright.Devereux, Robert (Essex) (1566–1601), 2nd Earl of Essex.Devereux, Walter (1541?–1576), 1st Earl of Essex.Donne, John (1572–1631), poet, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral.Drake, Sir Francis (1540–1596), naval commander, adventurer.Drayton, Michael (1563–1631), playwright.Dyer, Sir Edward (1543–1607), courtier, poet; proposed by Alden Brooks in 1943.Ferrers, Henry (1549–1633), Warwickshire antiquary.Fletcher, John (1579–1625), playwright.Florio, John (1554–1625), linguist.Florio, Michelangelo (1515–1572), Protestant evangelist and scholar; proposed by Santi Paladino in 1925.Greene, Robert (1558–1592), playwright, polemicist.Greville, Fulke (1554–1628) 1st Baron Brooke; proposed by A. W. L. Saunders in 2007.Griffin, Bartholomew (d. 1602), poet.Hastings, William. Supposed son of Queen Elizabeth; proposed by Robert Nield in 2007.Hathaway, Anne (1555/6-1623), Shakespeare's wife, proposed by J. P. de Fonseka, 1938.Herbert, William (1580–1630), 3rd Earl of Pembroke.Heywood, Thomas (1574–1641), playwright.The Jesuits, proposed by Harold Johnson in Did the Jesuits Write 'Shakespeare'? (1916).Jonson, Ben (1572–1637), playwright, poet.Kyd, Thomas (1558–1594), playwright.Lanier, Emilia (1569–1645), poet; proposed by John Hudson in 2007.Lewkenor, Lewes (1560-1627) Soldier, writer; proposed by William 'Bill' Corbett in 2012.Lodge, Thomas (1557–1625), playwright.Lyly, John (1554–1606), playwright, prose stylist.Manners, Elizabeth Sidney (d. 1615), Countess of Rutland.Manners, Roger (1576–1612), 5th Earl of Rutland.Marlowe, Christopher (1564–1593), playwright; first proposed by Wilbur G. Zeigler in 1895. - see Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorshipMathew, Sir Tobie (1577–1655), courtier, Catholic priest.Middleton, Thomas (1580–1627), playwright.More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535), Lord Chancellor of England and Saint of the Catholic Church.Munday, Anthony (1560–1633), dramatist.Nashe, Thomas (1567–1601), poet, polemicist.Neville, Henry (1564-1615) politician and courtier; proposed by Brenda James and William Rubenstein in 2005.North, Thomas (1535-1604), translator of Plutarch, proposed by Dennis McCarthy in 2011.Nugent, William (1550–1625), Irish rebel; first proposed by Elizabeth Hickey in 1978.O'Toole, Patrick, Irishman, citizen of Ennis, first proposed by George Newcomen in 1897.Paget, Henry (d. 1568), 2nd Baron Paget.Peele, George (1556–1596), playwright.Pierce, William (1561–1674), claimed writer; proposed by Peter Zenner in 1999.Porter, Henry (fl. c. 1596–99), playwright.Raleigh, Sir Walter (1554–1618), courtier, poet. Proposed as a co-author by Delia Bacon in 1857 and as sole author by George S. Caldwell 20 years later.The RosicruciansSackville, Thomas (1536–1608), Lord Buckhurst, 1st Earl of Dorset.Shirley, Sir Anthony (1565?–1635), soldier, sailor, adventurer.Sidney Herbert, Mary (1561–1621), Countess of Pembroke, nominated by Gilbert Slater in 1931.Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–1586), poet, soldier, courtier.Smith, Wentworth (1571 – c.1623), playwright.Spenser, Edmund (1552–1599), poet; proposed in 1940 by W. M. Cunningham.Stanley, William, 6th Earl of Derby (1561–1642), first proposed by James Greenstreet in 1891. - see Derbyite theory of Shakespeare authorshipStuart, James, King of England (1566–1625), proposed by Malcolm X in 1965.Stuart, Mary (1542–1587), Queen of Scots.Talbot, Gilbert (1552-1616), 7th Earl of Shrewsbury.Tudor, Edward, King of England (1537–1553), proposed by W.B. Venton in 1968.Tudor, Elizabeth (1533–1603), Queen of England; proposed anonymously in 1857, re-proposed by W. R. Titterton in 1913 (not too seriously) and by G. E. Sweet in 1956.Warner, William (c. 1558–1609), poet.Watson, Thomas (1555–1592), poet.Webster, John (1580?–1625?), playwright.Whateley, Anne (1561?-1600?), Shakespeare's supposed first fiancée, proposed in 1939 by William Ross.Wilson, Robert (1572–1600), playwright.Wolsey, Thomas (1473?–1530) Cardinal of England.Wotton, Sir Henry (1568–1639), scholar, diplomat; proposed in 1940 by W.M. Cunningham.Wriothesley, Henry (1573–1624), 3rd Earl of Southampton.Zubayr bin William, Shaykh ("Sheik Zubayr"), supposed Arab scholar, first proposed frivolously by Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq and later in earnest by Safa Khulusi and, in 1989, Muammar Gaddafi.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 16.24 16.25 16.26 16.27 16.28 16.29 16.30 16.31 16.32 16.33 16.34 16.35 16.36 16.37 16.38 16.39 16.40 16.41 16.42 16.43 16.44 16.45 16.46 16.47 16.48 16.49 ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 21.0 21.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 28.0 28.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
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