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- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia abstract "The underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of the processes of thinking and of emotional responsiveness, are complex. A number of theories attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and schizophrenia. One of the most important is the dopamine hypothesis. This attributes psychosis to the faulty distribution, regulation, and function of dopaminergic neurons. Specifically, atypicality is observed within the D2 subtype, a common target for all antipsychotic drugs. Along with glutamate, dopamine is involved in the advancement and reinforcement of the abnormal thought patterns in schizophrenia. Similarly, dopamine facilitates abnormal long term potentiation within the striatum, basal ganglia, cingulate cortex (specifically the cingulate gyrus), and prefrontal cortex, among other limbic system structures. Hypofrontality, a decrease in cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex below that of control subjects during tests of executive function, may be a cause of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, though support for this idea is mixed.Glutaminergic abnormalities may also figure in schizophrenia. Specifically, a deficit in metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5 (the primary post-synaptic receptors) results in a relative excess of the activity of the other 6 presynaptic receptors. In turn, a reduction of cAMP levels in these glutaminergic neurons lowers the activity of the NMDA receptor, a receptor crucial for the phenomena of LTP. This then leads to altered K+, Na+, and Ca2+ levels within the cell. In addition, the protein reelin, a crucial modulator of NMDA function in the hippocampus, is in lowered concentrations in both schizophrenic and psychotic bipolar disorder patients. This protein enhances LTP activity. That is, the risk for psychotic disorders is associated with alterations in the expression and distribution of a wide variety of G protein coupled receptors. Specifically alterations in the autoreception of metabotropic receptors creates abnormal ligand gated ion channel activity, resulting in maladaptive synaptic plasticity. A leading hypothesis treats schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease, in which "developmental insults as early as late first or early second trimester lead to the activation of pathologic neural circuits during adolescence or young adulthood", but critics say the neurodevelopmental hypothesis "does not fully account for a number of features of schizophrenia". Indeed, schizophrenia requires not only genetically induced neurological deficits, but unique psychological stressors as well. It is fundamentally different from other developmental disorders, in that it is "self-induced" to some extent. That is, it results from an otherwise normal process for plasticity that advances to form a "parallel", isolated circuit, similar to distributed computing, but on a much more integrated way. The causes of schizophrenia remain poorly understood.In 2010 another hypothesis of schizophrenia was formulated: abnormal immune system development may help explain roles of prenatal hazards, post-pubertal onset, stress, genes, climate, infections, and brain dysfunction. The immune hypotheses is supported by findings of high levels of immune markers in the blood of schizophrenia patients. High levels of immune markers have also been associated with having more severe psychotic symptoms.".
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia thumbnail Artistic_view_of_how_the_world_feels_like_with_schizophrenia_-_journal.pmed.0020146.g001.jpg?width=300.
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- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia hasPhotoCollection Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia.
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia subject Category:Abnormal_psychology.
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia subject Category:Schizophrenia.
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia comment "The underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of the processes of thinking and of emotional responsiveness, are complex. A number of theories attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and schizophrenia. One of the most important is the dopamine hypothesis. This attributes psychosis to the faulty distribution, regulation, and function of dopaminergic neurons.".
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia label "Mechanisms of schizophrenia".
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia label "精神分裂症机制".
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- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia sameAs Q6804660.
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia sameAs Q6804660.
- Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia wasDerivedFrom Mechanisms_of_schizophrenia?oldid=592462402.
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