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- Membrane_potential abstract "Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane to establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential,[citation needed] usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of "molecular devices" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can quickly be detected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close in response to the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.".
- Membrane_potential thumbnail Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2.png?width=300.
- Membrane_potential wikiPageExternalLink www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu.
- Membrane_potential wikiPageExternalLink electrochemical_driving_force_calculator.html.
- Membrane_potential wikiPageExternalLink ghk_equation_calculator.html.
- Membrane_potential wikiPageExternalLink nernst_potential_calculator.html.
- Membrane_potential wikiPageID "563161".
- Membrane_potential wikiPageRevisionID "605380258".
- Membrane_potential hasPhotoCollection Membrane_potential.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Cell_communication.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Cell_signaling.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Cellular_neuroscience.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Cellular_processes.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Contractile_cells.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Electrochemistry.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Electrophysiology.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Membrane_biology.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Nervous_system.
- Membrane_potential subject Category:Potentials.
- Membrane_potential type Abstraction100002137.
- Membrane_potential type AmorphousShape113867492.
- Membrane_potential type Attribute100024264.
- Membrane_potential type Cell102991711.
- Membrane_potential type Compartment103080309.
- Membrane_potential type ContractileCells.
- Membrane_potential type Location100027167.
- Membrane_potential type Object100002684.
- Membrane_potential type PhysicalEntity100001930.
- Membrane_potential type Shape100027807.
- Membrane_potential type Space113910384.
- Membrane_potential type YagoGeoEntity.
- Membrane_potential type YagoLegalActorGeo.
- Membrane_potential type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Membrane_potential comment "Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions.".
- Membrane_potential label "Membraanpotentiaal".
- Membrane_potential label "Membrane potential".
- Membrane_potential label "Membranpotential".
- Membrane_potential label "Potencial de membrana".
- Membrane_potential label "Potencial elétrico de membrana".
- Membrane_potential label "Potencjał błonowy".
- Membrane_potential label "Potentiel électrochimique de membrane".
- Membrane_potential label "Potenziale di membrana".
- Membrane_potential label "جهد غشائي".
- Membrane_potential label "膜電位".
- Membrane_potential sameAs Membránový_potenciál.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Membranpotential.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Μεμβρανικό_δυναμικό.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potencial_de_membrana.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Mintz_potentzial.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potentiel_électrochimique_de_membrane.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potensial_membran.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potenziale_di_membrana.
- Membrane_potential sameAs 膜電位.
- Membrane_potential sameAs 막_전위.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Membraanpotentiaal.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potencjał_błonowy.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Potencial_elétrico_de_membrana.
- Membrane_potential sameAs m.02qcgg.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Q389844.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Q389844.
- Membrane_potential sameAs Membrane_potential.
- Membrane_potential wasDerivedFrom Membrane_potential?oldid=605380258.
- Membrane_potential depiction Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2.png.
- Membrane_potential isPrimaryTopicOf Membrane_potential.