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- Moniliophthora_perniciosa abstract "Moniliophthora perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa) is a fungus that causes "Witches' Broom Disease" (WBD) of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao). This pathogen is currently limited to South America, Panama and the Caribbean, and is perhaps one of the best-known cocoa diseases, thought to have co-evolved with cocoa in its centre of origin (first recorded in the Brazilian Amazon in 1785). In 1989, it was introduced to the cocoa producing state of Bahia of Brazil, where output diminished from 380,000 tonnes per annum to 90,000 tonnes in the late 1990s. Brazil went from being the world’s second largest cocoa producer to becoming a net importer. Unlike frosty pod rot, which is highly infectious but mostly destructive to pods, WBD can infect many sites on actively growing trees, throughout the growing season, and in severe cases can cause tree death.It exists in two characteristic phases: biotrophic (expanding and infecting) and saprotrophic (dying, and producing spores). The biotrophic stage, and what triggers its switch to a saprotrophic stage, are still not understood.The spores of this fungus are spread by wind, but must land in water in order to germinate. As a consequence, it mainly spreads during rainy periods. Control is very difficult, and requires extensive work to remove. The most critical part of treatment (pruning of diseased material) can only be conducted during dry periods, or one risks spreading the disease further. Due to economics, most discarded brooms are usually left on the ground, leaving a risk of reinfection of trees the subsequent year. However, spraying the ground with a light coating of oil can prevent the spores from becoming airborne again.".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa class Agaricomycetidae.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa class Basidiomycota.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa family Marasmiaceae.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa genus Moniliophthora.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa kingdom Fungus.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa order Agaricales.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa phylum Basidiomycota.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonym "Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, (1943)".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonym "Crinipellis perniciosa var. perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, (1943)".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonym "Marasmius perniciosus (Stahel, (1915)".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa thumbnail Crinipellis_perniciosa_mushroom.jpg?width=300.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wikiPageExternalLink fungaldatabases.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wikiPageExternalLink vassoura.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wikiPageExternalLink Names.asp.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wikiPageID "11467626".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wikiPageRevisionID "541070540".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa binomial "Moniliophthora perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa binomialAuthority "Aime & Phillips-Mora,".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa classis Basidiomycota.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa familia Marasmiaceae.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa genus "Moniliophthora".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa hasPhotoCollection Moniliophthora_perniciosa.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa name "Moniliophthora perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa ordo Agaricales.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa phylum Basidiomycota.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa regnum Fungus.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa species "M. perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa subclassis Agaricomycetidae.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonyms "Crinipellis perniciosa ( Singer, )".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonyms "Crinipellis perniciosa var. perniciosa ( Singer, )".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa synonyms "Marasmius perniciosus (Stahel, )".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa subject Category:Marasmiaceae.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa subject Category:Plant_pathogens_and_diseases.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Agent109190918.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type CausalAgent100007347.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type InfectiousAgent109312843.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type LivingThing100004258.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Microorganism101326291.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Object100002684.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Organism100004475.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Pathogen101386007.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type PhysicalEntity100001930.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type PlantPathogensAndDiseases.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Whole100003553.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Eukaryote.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Fungus.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Species.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Fungus.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa type Organism.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa comment "Moniliophthora perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa) is a fungus that causes "Witches' Broom Disease" (WBD) of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao). This pathogen is currently limited to South America, Panama and the Caribbean, and is perhaps one of the best-known cocoa diseases, thought to have co-evolved with cocoa in its centre of origin (first recorded in the Brazilian Amazon in 1785).".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa label "Crinipellis perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa label "Krulloten".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa label "Moniliophthora perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa label "Moniliophthora perniciosa".
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs Krulloten.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs Moniliophthora_perniciosa.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs m.02rdw80.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs Q1306864.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs Q1306864.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa sameAs Moniliophthora_perniciosa.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa wasDerivedFrom Moniliophthora_perniciosa?oldid=541070540.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa depiction Crinipellis_perniciosa_mushroom.jpg.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa isPrimaryTopicOf Moniliophthora_perniciosa.
- Moniliophthora_perniciosa name "Moniliophthora perniciosa".