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- Napoleon_III abstract "Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. However, when he was blocked by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, he organized a coup d'état in 1851, and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation.During the first years of the Empire, his government imposed censorship and harsh repressive measures against his opponents. Some six thousand persons were imprisoned or sent to penal colonies Cayenne or Algeria until they were amnestied in 1859. Thousands more, including Victor Hugo, went into voluntary exile abroad. Beginning in 1862, Napoleon loosened the censorship and lifted many of the repressive measures, and gave the legislature more power, in what was known as "The Liberal Empire." Many of his opponents returned to France and became members of the National Assembly.Napoleon III is best known today for his reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine Baron Haussmann. He created the grand boulevards and squares of central Paris, made the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and other famous Paris parks, and built the Palais Garnier for the Paris Opera. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon and other French cities.Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, encouraged the creation of savings and investment banks, greatly expanded and consolidated the French railroad system, and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal, and established modern agricultural schools and experimental farms, which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter. He negotiated the first free trade agreement with Britain, which was followed by similar agreements with France's other European trading partners.Napoleon III also accomplished important social reforms, including giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize. Under Napoleon III, women were allowed to take the baccalauréat examination, the first women were admitted to the Sorbonne, and public schools for girls were opened in all the communes of France with more than five hundred inhabitants. He also made history and geography required subjects in public schools, and introduced the first public school courses in modern languages, art, music, and gymnastics.In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. He was a supporter of popular sovereignty, and of nationalism.In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1854–56). In Italy, he assisted the cause of Italian nationalism and unification by allying with the Kingdom of Piedmont and defeating the Austrian army at the Battle of Magenta and the Battle of Solferino (1859). In return, in 1860 France received Savoy and Nice, restoring France to its pre-1815 borders. Later, however, to please French Catholics, he sent soldiers to Rome to defend the Papal States against annexation by Italy, and at the Battle of Mentana (1867) French troops defeated a small force of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi which was trying to capture Rome.Napoleon III doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in New Caledonia, and Cochinchina, established a protectorate in Cambodia (1863); colonized the interior of Senegal, and added Kabylie to French Algeria (1857).He joined Britain sending an army to China during Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion (1860), opening China to trade with France, but French ventures to establish influence in Japan (1867) and Korea (1866) were less successful. His attempt to impose a European monarch, Maximilian I of Mexico on the Mexicans ended in a spectacular failure, costing the lives of thousands of Mexican and French soldiers and ending with the execution of Maximilian by the Mexicans in 1867.Beginning in 1866 Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia, as Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In July 1870 Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies and with inferior military forces. The French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The French Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris, and Napoleon went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.Napoleon III holds the distinction of being both the first elected president and the last monarch of France.".
- Napoleon_III birthDate "1808-04-20".
- Napoleon_III birthPlace First_French_Empire.
- Napoleon_III birthYear "1808".
- Napoleon_III deathDate "1873-01-09".
- Napoleon_III deathPlace Chislehurst.
- Napoleon_III deathYear "1873".
- Napoleon_III parent Hortense_de_Beauharnais.
- Napoleon_III parent Louis_Bonaparte.
- Napoleon_III restingPlace Hampshire.
- Napoleon_III restingPlace St_Michael's_Abbey,_Farnborough.
- Napoleon_III spouse Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo.
- Napoleon_III thumbnail Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg?width=300.
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- Napoleon_III wikiPageRevisionID "606606763".
- Napoleon_III after Louis_Jules_Trochu.
- Napoleon_III after Napoléon_Eugène,_Prince_Imperial.
- Napoleon_III altstyle "My Lord".
- Napoleon_III as List_of_French_monarchs.
- Napoleon_III before Louis-Eugène_Cavaignac.
- Napoleon_III before Louis_Bonaparte.
- Napoleon_III before Louis_Philippe_I.
- Napoleon_III birthDate "1808-04-20".
- Napoleon_III birthPlace "Paris, French Empire".
- Napoleon_III dateOfBirth "1808-04-20".
- Napoleon_III dateOfDeath "1873-01-09".
- Napoleon_III deathDate "1873-01-09".
- Napoleon_III deathPlace "Chislehurst, Kent, England".
- Napoleon_III dipstyle Imperial_Majesty_(style).
- Napoleon_III end "1830".
- Napoleon_III father Louis_Bonaparte.
- Napoleon_III fullName "Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte".
- Napoleon_III hasPhotoCollection Napoleon_III.
- Napoleon_III house House_of_Bonaparte.
- Napoleon_III id "Napoleon_III".
- Napoleon_III imgw "80".
- Napoleon_III issue Louis_Napoléon,_Prince_Imperial.
- Napoleon_III mother Hortense_de_Beauharnais.
- Napoleon_III name "Napoleon III of France".
- Napoleon_III name "Napoleon III".
- Napoleon_III offstyle "Your Imperial Majesty".
- Napoleon_III placeOfBirth "Paris, France".
- Napoleon_III placeOfBurial "St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom".
- Napoleon_III placeOfDeath "Chislehurst, Kent, England".
- Napoleon_III predecessor French_Second_Republic.
- Napoleon_III predecessor Louis-Eugène_Cavaignac.
- Napoleon_III predecessor "(Louis Philippe III, Duke of Orléans was previous monarch as King of the French)".
- Napoleon_III predecessor "Himself as President of the French Republic".
- Napoleon_III predecessor "as Head of the State and of the Government".
- Napoleon_III reason Bourbon_Restoration.
- Napoleon_III reason French_Third_Republic.
- Napoleon_III reason Second_French_Empire.
- Napoleon_III reason Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.
- Napoleon_III reason "Empire dissolved".
- Napoleon_III reason "Title next held by".
- Napoleon_III reason "became Emperor".
- Napoleon_III reason "from Napoleon I held the title".
- Napoleon_III reason "renamed the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1861".
- Napoleon_III reason "to the Italian Unification and".
- Napoleon_III reign "--12-02".
- Napoleon_III reign "1870-09-04".
- Napoleon_III religion Catholic_Church.
- Napoleon_III rows "2".
- Napoleon_III shortDescription "First President of the French Republic and last monarch of France".
- Napoleon_III spouse Eugénie_de_Montijo.
- Napoleon_III start "1815".
- Napoleon_III succession Emperor_of_the_French.
- Napoleon_III succession "1".
- Napoleon_III successor French_Third_Republic.
- Napoleon_III successor Second_French_Empire.
- Napoleon_III successor "(Louis Jules Trochu as Chairman of the Government of National Defense)".
- Napoleon_III successor "Himself as Emperor of the French".
- Napoleon_III successor "Monarchy abolished".
- Napoleon_III termInOffice "--12-20".
- Napoleon_III termInOffice "1852-12-02".
- Napoleon_III title French_Head_of_State.
- Napoleon_III title List_of_French_monarchs.
- Napoleon_III title List_of_Presidents_of_France.
- Napoleon_III title "Co-Prince of Andorra".
- Napoleon_III title "King of Italy".
- Napoleon_III years "--07-25".
- Napoleon_III years "--09-04".
- Napoleon_III years "--12-02".
- Napoleon_III years "--12-20".
- Napoleon_III description "First President of the French Republic and last monarch of France".
- Napoleon_III description "First President of the French Republic and last monarch of France".
- Napoleon_III subject Category:1808_births.