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• North_African_Campaign abstract "During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German-occupied Europe. The United States entered the war in 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942.Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940. On 14 June, the British Army's 11th Hussars (assisted by elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment, 1st RTR) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. This was followed by an Italian counteroffensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September 1940 and then in December 1940 by a Commonwealth counteroffensive, Operation Compass. During Operation Compass, the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps—commanded by Erwin Rommel—was dispatched to North Africa—during Operation Sonnenblume—to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat.A see-saw series of battles for control of Libya and parts of Egypt followed, reaching a climax in the Second Battle of El Alamein when British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery delivered a decisive defeat to the Axis forces and pushed them back to Tunisia. After the late 1942 Allied Operation Torch landings in North-West Africa, and subsequent battles against Vichy France forces (who then changed sides), the Allies finally encircled Axis forces in northern Tunisia and forced their surrender.Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale. In addition, as Josef Stalin had long been demanding a second front be opened to engage the Wehrmacht and relieve pressure on the Soviet armies, it provided some degree of relief for the Eastern front by diverting Axis forces to the African theatre, tying them up and destroying them there.Information gleaned via British Ultra code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian Campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of a German ally.".
• North_African_Campaign causalties "British".
• North_African_Campaign causalties "United States".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* Czechoslovakia".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* Free French".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* Poland".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* South Africa".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* Vichy France".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "*".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "*::French Algeria".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "*::Italian Libya".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "*::United Kingdom".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "British India".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "French Morocco".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "French Tunisia".
• North_African_Campaign commander Albert_Kesselring.
• North_African_Campaign commander Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell.
• North_African_Campaign commander Claude_Auchinleck.
• North_African_Campaign commander Dwight_D._Eisenhower.
• North_African_Campaign commander Erwin_Rommel.
• North_African_Campaign commander Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan.
• North_African_Campaign commander Giovanni_Messe.
• North_African_Campaign commander Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim.
• North_African_Campaign commander Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.
• North_African_Campaign commander Italo_Gariboldi.
• North_African_Campaign commander Rodolfo_Graziani.
• North_African_Campaign commander Ugo_Cavallero.
• North_African_Campaign date "1940-06-10".
• North_African_Campaign isPartOfMilitaryConflict Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II.
• North_African_Campaign place Italian_Libya.
• North_African_Campaign result "* Axis forces in North Africa retreat to Italy".
• North_African_Campaign result "* Fall of the Italian Empire".
• North_African_Campaign result "Allied victory".
• North_African_Campaign thumbnail Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg?width=300.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink north-african-campaign.html.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink northafrican_e.html.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink www.AFRIKAKORPS.org.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink eastbourne-redoubt.htm.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink MoreContent?file=PRnafrica.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink RSLHG_main_index.html.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink 2WWdesert.htm.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink war-in-the-desert-index-1940.htm.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageExternalLink index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki.
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageID "493688".
• North_African_Campaign wikiPageRevisionID "606270741".
• North_African_Campaign caption "--11-27".
• North_African_Campaign casualties "--11-16".
• North_African_Campaign casualties "22341".
• North_African_Campaign casualties "British United States".
• North_African_Campaign casualties "Italy".
• North_African_Campaign combatant French_protectorate_of_Tunisia.
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* *::Italian Libya * * Vichy France *::French Algeria".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "* *::United Kingdom".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "British India * * * * South Africa * * Free French *::French Algeria".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "French Morocco * Poland * Czechoslovakia *".
• North_African_Campaign combatant "French Morocco".
• North_African_Campaign commander "Harold Alexander Claude Auchinleck Dwight Eisenhower Archibald Wavell".
• North_African_Campaign commander "Rodolfo Graziani Italo Gariboldi Erwin Rommel Hans-J. von Arnim Ugo Cavallero Albert Kesselring Giovanni Messe François Darlan".
• North_African_Campaign conflict "North African Campaign".
• North_African_Campaign date "--06-10".
• North_African_Campaign hasPhotoCollection North_African_Campaign.
• North_African_Campaign partof "the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre ofWorld War II".
• North_African_Campaign place "Italian Libya Kingdom of Egypt French AlgeriaTunisiaMorocco".
• North_African_Campaign result "Allied victory * Fall of the Italian Empire * Axis forces in North Africa retreat to Italy".
• North_African_Campaign wordnet_type synset-war-noun-1.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:1940s_in_Africa.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:1940s_in_Egypt.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Australia.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_France.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_India.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Italy.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_New_Zealand.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Poland.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_South_Africa.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_States.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Campaigns_of_World_War_II.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Conflicts_in_1940.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Conflicts_in_1941.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Conflicts_in_1942.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Conflicts_in_1943.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Egypt_in_World_War_II.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Libya_in_World_War_II.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Military_campaigns_involving_Germany.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:North_African_Campaign.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Tunisia_Campaign.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:United_States_Army_Rangers.
• North_African_Campaign subject Category:Western_Desert_Campaign.
• North_African_Campaign type Abstraction100002137.
• North_African_Campaign type Act100030358.
• North_African_Campaign type Activity100407535.
• North_African_Campaign type Battle100953559.
• North_African_Campaign type BattlesAndOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingAustralia.
• North_African_Campaign type BattlesAndOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingFrance.
• North_African_Campaign type BattlesAndOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingGermany.
• North_African_Campaign type BattlesAndOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingIndia.
• North_African_Campaign type BattlesAndOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingItaly.

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