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- Operation_Freshman abstract "Operation Freshman was the codename given to a British airborne operation conducted in November 1942 during World War II. It was the first British airborne operation conducted using gliders, and its target was the Vemork Norsk Hydro chemical plant in Telemark county, Norway which produced heavy water for Nazi Germany. By 1942 the German atomic weapons programme had come close to being able to develop a nuclear reactor, but in order for the reactor to function it would require a great deal of heavy water. The source of the heavy water was the Norsk Hydro plant, which had been occupied in 1940; when the British government learned of the German nuclear developments, it was decided that a raid would be launched to destroy the plant and deny the Germans the heavy water required to develop a nuclear weapon. Several tactics were discussed and discarded as impractical, and it was finally decided that a small airborne force composed of sappers from the Royal Engineer units attached to 1st Airborne Division would land by glider a short distance from the plant, demolish it with explosives and then escape over the Norwegian border into Sweden.After a period of extensive training, the airborne force took off in two aircraft–glider combinations on the night of 19 November 1942. Both managed to reach the Norwegian coast, but neither was able to reach their objective. The first pair suffered from navigational difficulties and severe weather, which resulted in the tow rope snapping and the first glider crash–landing, with its towing aircraft returning to base; eight airborne troops were killed outright, four were severely injured and five unhurt, with the survivors captured shortly after the crash. The second pair fared even worse, with both aircraft and glider crashing into a mountain for unknown reasons; the aircrew and a number of airborne troops were killed outright, and those who survived were taken prisoner. None survived for very long, either being poisoned or executed as a result of Adolf Hitler's Commando Order, which stated all Commando personnel were to be immediately executed upon capture. At the end of the war, a number of Wehrmacht personnel were tried and condemned to death for their part in the executions.".
- Operation_Freshman thumbnail Vemork_Hydroelectric_Plant_1935.jpg?width=300.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageID "888328".
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageRevisionID "599281524".
- Operation_Freshman caption "The Vemork Hydroelectric Plant photographed in 1935.".
- Operation_Freshman caption "The glider crash sites in Norway. The glider from the first combination came down at Fyljesdal, the tug and glider of the second combination crashed near Helleland.".
- Operation_Freshman casualties "41".
- Operation_Freshman date "1942-11-19".
- Operation_Freshman executedBy "34".
- Operation_Freshman float "right".
- Operation_Freshman hasPhotoCollection Operation_Freshman.
- Operation_Freshman label "1".
- Operation_Freshman label "2".
- Operation_Freshman label "Vemork".
- Operation_Freshman lat "58.534167".
- Operation_Freshman lat "59.06033".
- Operation_Freshman lat "59.871667".
- Operation_Freshman location Norway.
- Operation_Freshman location Telemark.
- Operation_Freshman long "6.131389".
- Operation_Freshman long "6.619263".
- Operation_Freshman long "8.494444".
- Operation_Freshman mark "Blue_pog.svg".
- Operation_Freshman name "Operation Freshman".
- Operation_Freshman objective "Destroy German heavy water production at Vemork".
- Operation_Freshman outcome "Failure".
- Operation_Freshman partof "the Second World War".
- Operation_Freshman plannedBy Combined_Operations_Headquarters.
- Operation_Freshman plannedBy Special_Operations_Executive.
- Operation_Freshman position "left".
- Operation_Freshman position "right".
- Operation_Freshman type Sabotage.
- Operation_Freshman width "230".
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Airborne_operations.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Conflicts_in_1942.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Glider_Pilot_Regiment_operations.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Military_history_of_Norway_during_World_War_II.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Military_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Norwegian_resistance_movement.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Nuclear_program_of_Nazi_Germany.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:Sabotage.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:World_War_II_British_Commando_raids.
- Operation_Freshman subject Category:World_War_II_aerial_operations_and_battles_of_the_Western_European_Theatre.
- Operation_Freshman point "59.87111111111111 8.491388888888888".
- Operation_Freshman type Abstraction100002137.
- Operation_Freshman type Act100030358.
- Operation_Freshman type Action114006945.
- Operation_Freshman type Activity100407535.
- Operation_Freshman type Attack100972621.
- Operation_Freshman type Attribute100024264.
- Operation_Freshman type Conflict100958896.
- Operation_Freshman type ConflictsIn1942.
- Operation_Freshman type Event100029378.
- Operation_Freshman type Foray100976953.
- Operation_Freshman type GliderPilotRegimentOperations.
- Operation_Freshman type GroupAction101080366.
- Operation_Freshman type MilitaryOperationsOfWorldWarIIInvolvingGermany.
- Operation_Freshman type Operation100955060.
- Operation_Freshman type Operation114008806.
- Operation_Freshman type Penetration100975452.
- Operation_Freshman type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
- Operation_Freshman type State100024720.
- Operation_Freshman type WorldWarIIBritishCommandoRaids.
- Operation_Freshman type WorldWarIIOperationsAndBattlesOfTheWesternEuropeanTheatre.
- Operation_Freshman type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Operation_Freshman type Event.
- Operation_Freshman type MilitaryConflict.
- Operation_Freshman type SocietalEvent.
- Operation_Freshman type Event.
- Operation_Freshman type Event.
- Operation_Freshman type Thing.
- Operation_Freshman type SpatialThing.
- Operation_Freshman comment "Operation Freshman was the codename given to a British airborne operation conducted in November 1942 during World War II. It was the first British airborne operation conducted using gliders, and its target was the Vemork Norsk Hydro chemical plant in Telemark county, Norway which produced heavy water for Nazi Germany.".
- Operation_Freshman label "Operation Freshman".
- Operation_Freshman label "Операция «Незнакомец»".
- Operation_Freshman sameAs m.05c5z_x.
- Operation_Freshman sameAs Q4335293.
- Operation_Freshman sameAs Q4335293.
- Operation_Freshman sameAs Operation_Freshman.
- Operation_Freshman lat "59.87111111111111".
- Operation_Freshman long "8.491388888888888".
- Operation_Freshman wasDerivedFrom Operation_Freshman?oldid=599281524.
- Operation_Freshman depiction Vemork_Hydroelectric_Plant_1935.jpg.
- Operation_Freshman isPrimaryTopicOf Operation_Freshman.