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- Proteinogenic_amino_acid abstract "Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins cotranslationally - that is, during translation. There are 23 proteinogenic amino acids, but only 21 are encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes. Of the 23, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine are incorporated into proteins by distinctive biosynthetic mechanisms, and N-Formylmethionine is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, but is often removed post-translationally. The other 20 are directly encoded by the universal genetic code. Humans can synthesize 11 of these 20 from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism. The other 9 must be consumed (usually as their protein derivatives) in the diet and so are thus called essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.The word proteinogenic means "protein building". Proteinogenic amino acids can be condensed into a polypeptide (the subunit of a protein) through a process called translation (the second stage of protein biosynthesis, part of the overall process of gene expression).In contrast, non-proteinogenic amino acids are either not incorporated in proteins (like GABA, L-DOPA, or triiodothyronine), or are not produced directly and in isolation by standard cellular machinery (like hydroxyproline and selenomethionine). The latter often results from posttranslational modification of proteins.The proteinogenic amino acids have been found to be related to the set of amino acids that can be recognized by ribozyme auto-aminoacylation systems. Thus, non-proteinogenic amino acids would have been excluded by the contingent evolutionary success of nucleotide-based life forms. Other reasons have been offered to explain why certain specific non-proteinogenic amino acids are not generally incorporated into proteins: for example, ornithine and homoserine cyclize against the peptide backbone and fragment the protein with relatively short half-lives, while others are toxic because they can be mistakenly incorporated into proteins, such as the arginine analog canavanine.Non-proteinogenic amino acids are incorporated in nonribosomal peptides, which are not produced by the ribosome during translation.".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid thumbnail Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg?width=300.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid wikiPageID "427499".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid wikiPageRevisionID "603571951".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid hasPhotoCollection Proteinogenic_amino_acid.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid subject Category:Nitrogen_metabolism.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid subject Category:Nutrition.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid subject Category:Proteinogenic_amino_acids.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Abstraction100002137.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type AminoAcid114601829.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Chemical114806838.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Compound114818238.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Material114580897.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Matter100020827.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type OrganicCompound114727670.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Part113809207.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type PhysicalEntity100001930.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type ProteinogenicAminoAcids.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Relation100031921.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid type Substance100019613.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid comment "Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins cotranslationally - that is, during translation. There are 23 proteinogenic amino acids, but only 21 are encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes.".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid label "Aminokwasy biogenne".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid label "Aminoácido proteinogénico".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid label "Proteinogenic amino acid".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid label "タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid label "蛋白胺基酸".
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Πρωτεϊνογενετικά_αμινοξέα.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Aminokwasy_biogenne.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Aminoácido_proteinogénico.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs m.027741.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Q3241589.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Q3241589.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid sameAs Proteinogenic_amino_acid.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid wasDerivedFrom Proteinogenic_amino_acid?oldid=603571951.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid depiction Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg.
- Proteinogenic_amino_acid isPrimaryTopicOf Proteinogenic_amino_acid.