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- Schlieffen_Plan abstract "The Schlieffen Plan (German: Schlieffen-Plan, pronounced [ʃliːfən plaːn]) was the German General Staff's early-20th-century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east. The First World War later became such a war, with both a Western and an Eastern Front.The plan took advantage of Russia's slowness and expected differences in the three countries' speed in preparing for war. In short, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating troops in the West and quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the East to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully. The Schlieffen Plan was created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and modified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after Schlieffen's retirement; it was Moltke who actually implemented the plan at the outset of World War I. In modified form, it was executed to near victory in the first month of the war. However, the modifications to the original plan, stronger than expected resistance from the Belgians (whose neutrality had been violated as a result of the plan) and surprisingly speedy Russian offensives contributed to the plan's eventual failure. The plan ultimately collapsed when a French counterattack on the outskirts of Paris (the Battle of the Marne) ended the German offensive and resulted in years of trench warfare. The Schlieffen Plan has been the subject of intense debate among historians and military scholars ever since. Schlieffen's last words were "remember to keep the right flank strong," which was significant in that Moltke strengthened the left flank in his modification.After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, most of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were annexed by the new German Empire. Although the majority of the population of the new Reichsland spoke German dialects, the territory had been a possession of France for nearly two centuries and had given the French access to the Rhine. With these considerations in mind, the revanchist French vowed to regain their lost provinces. Due to alliances orchestrated by the German chancellor, Bismarck, France was initially isolated, but he was unable to continue these policies after Kaiser Wilhelm II took the throne in 1888. Within a few years of Wilhelm's succession, Bismarck had been compelled to retire and Germany had become estranged from Russia and Britain. This in turn allowed the French to negotiate a full alliance with the Russian Empire. In Germany, the prospect of fighting a future war on two fronts simultaneously caused increasing unease among the country's political and especially military leaders.France, having been defeated in a matter of weeks in 1870, was not considered as dangerous in the long run as the Russians, who were expected to be difficult to defeat if the Tsar were allowed the necessary time to mobilize his huge country to the fullest extent. After Britain and France concluded the Entente Cordiale in 1904, Wilhelm asked Count Schlieffen to devise a plan which would allow Germany to fight a war on two fronts, and in December 1905 Schlieffen began circulating it.The plan assumed that given its vast size, inadequate rail system and inefficient bureaucracy, Russia would need six weeks to fully mobilize. In that time, Schlieffen believed he could win a two-front war by first quickly defeating France in the west – the plan scheduled 39 days for the fall of Paris and 42 for the capitulation of France – before the "Russian Steamroller" would be able to mobilize and descend upon East Prussia. The plan depended on Germany's ability to quickly mobilize troops and invade France before the French could fully mobilize their troops and defend their territory, and then to turn on the Russians before they were ready.Schlieffen's solution reversed that of his great predecessor, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, whose experiences in the Franco-Prussian War with modern warfare and concerns regarding the increasing lethality of weaponry, made him doubt that a swift success could be achieved. Moltke had accordingly favoured limited operations against France and a major effort against Russia.[citation needed] Schlieffen, on the other hand, would seek an immediate all-out victory against France.The plan envisaged a rapid German mobilization, disregard for the neutrality of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands and an overwhelming sweep of the powerful German right wing southwest through Belgium and Northern France, "letting the last man on the right, brush the Channel with his sleeve," in the words of Schlieffen, while maintaining only a defensive posture on the central and left wings, in Lorraine, the Vosges, and the Moselle.Paris was not to be taken (in 1870, the Siege of Paris had lasted for months) but was to be passed by the right wing to the west of the city. The intent of the plan was not to conquer cities or industry to weaken the French war efforts. Rather, Schlieffen aimed to trap the French Army in a giant pincer movement and cut off the northeastern part of the country. The French Army would thus be hemmed in around Paris and forced into a decisive envelopment battle.However, a seed of disaster lurked in the conception of the plan: both Schlieffen and Moltke were seduced by the possibility of rolling up most of the French forces with two large wheeling movements, with the right wing coming from the north and west of France and the left wing coming from the east. The inspiration was the destruction of the Roman Army by Hannibal's forces at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, which was the object of meticulous study by Schlieffen. In essence, his plan was a large-scale strategic readdressing of Hannibal's tactics, capitalizing on the recent breakthroughs in communications and transport. Hans Delbrück's seminal study of the battle had a profound influence on subsequent German military theorists, in particular on Schlieffen. Through his writings, Schlieffen taught that the "Cannae model" would continue to be applicable in maneuver warfare throughout the 20th century:"A battle of annihilation can be carried out today according to the same plan devised by Hannibal in long forgotten times. The enemy front is not the goal of the principal attack. The mass of the troops and the reserves should not be concentrated against the enemy front; the essential is that the flanks be crushed. The wings should not be sought at the advanced points of the front but rather along the entire depth and extension of the enemy formation. The annihilation is completed through an attack against the enemy's rear... To bring about a decisive and annihilating victory requires an attack against the front and against one or both flanks..."Schlieffen later developed his own operational doctrine in a series of articles, many of which were later translated and published in a work entitled "Cannae".Politically, one of the major drawbacks of the Schlieffen Plan was that it called for the invasion of neutral states in order to transport German troops to France. In particular, the invasion of Belgium made British intervention a near-certainty, thus eliminating any chance of localizing the conflict. Schlieffen took the prospect of British intervention into account, but believed any British aid would come too late to be a factor. As it turned out, at least formally, it was the decision to invade Belgium which led to Great Britain declaring war on Germany. In the United States, the manner in which Belgium was invaded had much to do with turning popular sentiment against Germany, and facilitated the American entrance into war against Germany in April 1917.As noted previously, Russian mobilization would supposedly be extremely slow, due to its poor railway system. Following the speedy defeat of France, the German General Staff would switch German concentrations to the Eastern Front. His goal was to defeat France in six weeks, the time it took for Russia to mobilize its army, and turn back to the Eastern Front before Russia could react. Kaiser Wilhelm II is quoted as having said "Paris for lunch, dinner at St. Petersburg."".
- Schlieffen_Plan thumbnail Alfred_Graf_von_Schlieffen.jpg?width=300.
- Schlieffen_Plan wikiPageExternalLink OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.387615.
- Schlieffen_Plan wikiPageExternalLink The-Schlieffen-Plan-by-Gerhard-Ritter-1958.
- Schlieffen_Plan wikiPageExternalLink Stoneman2006.pdf.
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- Schlieffen_Plan subject Category:Conflicts_in_1914.
- Schlieffen_Plan subject Category:Military_operations_involving_Germany.
- Schlieffen_Plan subject Category:Military_strategy.
- Schlieffen_Plan subject Category:Military_theory.
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- Schlieffen_Plan comment "The Schlieffen Plan (German: Schlieffen-Plan, pronounced [ʃliːfən plaːn]) was the German General Staff's early-20th-century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.".
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- Schlieffen_Plan depiction Alfred_Graf_von_Schlieffen.jpg.
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