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- Shen_Kuo abstract "Shen Kuo or Shen Gua (Chinese: 沈括; pinyin: Shěn Kuò; Wade–Giles: Shen K'uo) (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁), was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality. At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1086).In his Dream Pool Essays (夢溪筆談; Mengxi Bitan) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by Alexander Neckam in 1187). Shen discovered the concept of true north in terms of magnetic declination towards the north pole, with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved meridian determined by Shen's [astronomical] measurement of the distance between the polestar and true north". This was the decisive step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation, and may have been a concept unknown in Europe for another four hundred years (evidence of German sundials made circa 1450 show markings similar to Chinese geomancer compasses in regards to declination).Alongside his colleague Wei Pu, Shen planned to map the orbital paths of the Moon and the planets in an intensive five-year project involving daily observations, yet this was thwarted by political opponents at court. To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the armillary sphere, gnomon, sighting tube, and invented a new type of inflow water clock. Shen Kuo devised a geological hypothesis for land formation (geomorphology), based upon findings of inland marine fossils, knowledge of soil erosion, and the deposition of silt. He also proposed a hypothesis of gradual climate change, after observing ancient petrified bamboos that were preserved underground in a dry northern habitat that would not support bamboo growth in his time. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the drydock to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal pound lock. Although Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was the first to describe camera obscura, Shen was the first in China to do so, several decades later. Shen wrote extensively about movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng (990–1051), and because of his written works the legacy of Bi Sheng and the modern understanding of the earliest movable type has been handed down to later generations. Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a raised-relief map while inspecting borderlands. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism which he himself unearthed proved to be a Jacob's staff, a surveying tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by Levi ben Gerson in 1321.Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the Dream Pool Essays, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. Some of Shen's poetry was preserved in posthumous written works. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in divination and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of unidentified flying objects from eyewitness testimony. He also wrote commentary on ancient Daoist and Confucian texts.".
- Shen_Kuo alias "Shen, Kua; 沈括 (Chinese)".
- Shen_Kuo birthDate "1031".
- Shen_Kuo birthPlace Hangzhou.
- Shen_Kuo birthYear "1031".
- Shen_Kuo deathDate "1095".
- Shen_Kuo deathPlace Zhenjiang.
- Shen_Kuo deathYear "1095".
- Shen_Kuo field Agriculture.
- Shen_Kuo field Archaeology.
- Shen_Kuo field Architecture.
- Shen_Kuo field Astronomy.
- Shen_Kuo field Botany.
- Shen_Kuo field Cartography.
- Shen_Kuo field Climatology.
- Shen_Kuo field Divination.
- Shen_Kuo field Economics.
- Shen_Kuo field Ethnography.
- Shen_Kuo field Geography.
- Shen_Kuo field Geology.
- Shen_Kuo field Hydraulics.
- Shen_Kuo field Magnetism.
- Shen_Kuo field Mathematics.
- Shen_Kuo field Metaphysics.
- Shen_Kuo field Meteorology.
- Shen_Kuo field Military_strategy.
- Shen_Kuo field Music.
- Shen_Kuo field Optics.
- Shen_Kuo field Pharmacology.
- Shen_Kuo field Zoology.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Apparent_retrograde_motion.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Atmospheric_refraction.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Camera_obscura.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Climate_change.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Geomorphology.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Moon.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Pole_star.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Raised-relief_map.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor Sun.
- Shen_Kuo knownFor True_north.
- Shen_Kuo lccnId "n/82/3158".
- Shen_Kuo residence Hangzhou.
- Shen_Kuo residence Kaifeng.
- Shen_Kuo residence Xiamen.
- Shen_Kuo residence Zhenjiang.
- Shen_Kuo thumbnail Shen_Kua.JPG?width=300.
- Shen_Kuo viafId "13108538".
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageExternalLink scirev.pdf.
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageExternalLink shen-kuos-bamboo-shoots.
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageExternalLink Shen_Kua.html.
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageExternalLink content_72415.htm.
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageExternalLink Sivin_ChineseMedicine.pdf.
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageID "1102000".
- Shen_Kuo wikiPageRevisionID "602785612".
- Shen_Kuo alternativeNames "Shen, Kua; 沈括".
- Shen_Kuo birthDate "1031".
- Shen_Kuo birthPlace Hangzhou.
- Shen_Kuo c "沈括".
- Shen_Kuo caption "Modern artist's impression of Shen Kuo".
- Shen_Kuo dateOfBirth "1031".
- Shen_Kuo dateOfDeath "1095".
- Shen_Kuo deathDate "1095".
- Shen_Kuo deathPlace Zhenjiang.
- Shen_Kuo field Agriculture.
- Shen_Kuo field Archaeology.
- Shen_Kuo field Architecture.
- Shen_Kuo field Astronomy.
- Shen_Kuo field Botany.
- Shen_Kuo field Cartography.
- Shen_Kuo field Climatology.
- Shen_Kuo field Divination.
- Shen_Kuo field Economics.
- Shen_Kuo field Ethnography.
- Shen_Kuo field Geography.
- Shen_Kuo field Geology.
- Shen_Kuo field Hydraulics.
- Shen_Kuo field Magnetism.
- Shen_Kuo field Mathematics.
- Shen_Kuo field Metaphysics.
- Shen_Kuo field Meteorology.
- Shen_Kuo field Military_strategy.
- Shen_Kuo field Music.
- Shen_Kuo field Optics.
- Shen_Kuo field Pharmacology.
- Shen_Kuo field Zoology.
- Shen_Kuo hasPhotoCollection Shen_Kuo.
- Shen_Kuo id "Shen+Kuo".
- Shen_Kuo imageSize "280".
- Shen_Kuo knownFor "Geomorphology, Climate change, Atmospheric refraction, True north, Retrogradation, Camera obscura, Raised-relief map, fixing the position of the pole star, correcting lunar and solar errors".
- Shen_Kuo lccn "n/82/3158".
- Shen_Kuo name "Shen Kuo".
- Shen_Kuo name "Shen, Kuo".
- Shen_Kuo p "Shěn Kuò".
- Shen_Kuo placeOfBirth "Qiantang".
- Shen_Kuo placeOfDeath "Runzhou".
- Shen_Kuo pnd "119022036".
- Shen_Kuo religion Chinese_Buddhism.
- Shen_Kuo religion Chinese_folk_religion.
- Shen_Kuo religion Taoism.
- Shen_Kuo residence Hangzhou.
