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- South_American_dreadnought_race abstract "A naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil and Chile—the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America—began in the early twentieth century when the Brazilian government ordered three "dreadnoughts", powerful battleships whose capabilities far outstripped older vessels in the world's navies.Previous Argentine–Chilean naval arms races from 1887 to 1902, along with the fall of the Brazilian emperor Pedro II in 1889 and subsequent naval rebellions in 1891 and 1893–94, left the Brazilian Navy well behind the Argentine and Chilean navies in quality and total tonnage. When Brazil was finally stable, rising demand for coffee and rubber brought its government a large increase in revenue. Brazilian politicians planned to use this money to address the naval imbalance, as they believed that acquiring a powerful navy would play an essential role in their goal of making the country into an international power. Three small battleships were ordered from the British company Armstrong Whitworth in late 1905, but the impact of the decisive Battle of Tsushima and the appearance of the revolutionary British warship HMS Dreadnought caused the Brazilian government to cancel their vessels in favor of the new "dreadnought" battleship. Construction on two Minas Geraes-class ships began quickly with a third to follow. As other countries joined into what quickly became an international dreadnought race, the vessels became a measure of a state's international prestige—similar to aircraft carriers today. As the Brazilian order positioned the country as the third to have a dreadnought under construction, the action caused a major stir among the world's perceived powers.The Argentine and Chilean governments immediately canceled a pact limiting their navies and ordered two dreadnoughts each (the Rivadavia and Almirante Latorre classes, respectively). Meanwhile, Brazil's third dreadnought faced a good deal of political opposition due to an economic downturn and the Revolt of the Lash, in which the crews of both of their brand-new battleships mutinied and threatened to fire on Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. Despite these pressures, Armstrong successfully held the Brazilian government to their contractual obligations, so they ordered an even larger dreadnought, which was laid down and ripped up several times after repeated alterations to the design. When the Brazilian government finally settled on a design, the coffee and rubber economic booms collapsed, and their ship would be outclassed by larger super-dreadnoughts already being built, so they sold the ship (which had been preliminarily named Rio de Janeiro), to the Ottoman Empire. They attempted to acquire a more powerful vessel, Riachuelo, from British shipbuilders, but the beginning of the First World War led the British to suspend work on foreign warships, effectively canceling the ship. The conflict also induced the British government to purchase the two Chilean battleships before they were delivered. Argentina's two dreadnoughts, built in the neutral United States, were handed over in 1915.The First World War marked the end of the dreadnought race, as the South American countries stopped ordering the warship type. In subsequent decades, all three countries proposed naval expansion plans, some involving dreadnought purchases. While most did not come to fruition, the Chilean government reacquired one of the dreadnoughts (Almirante Latorre) taken over by the United Kingdom before the war. No other dreadnoughts were purchased by a South American nation, and the ones they did acquire were disposed of in the 1950s.".
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- South_American_dreadnought_race caption "1930.0".
- South_American_dreadnought_race caption "Minas Geraes before it was modernized in New York in 1920–21 and in Brazil in 1931–38. The ship was built with two funnels to release the exhaust from the dual-burning boilers away from the ship. Reprinted from "The Brazilian Battleship 'Minas Geraes'," Scientific American 102, no. 12 : 240.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race caption "The same ship after the first modernization. The bridge is now enclosed, and a rebuilt conning tower with a range clock have been added to the tripod mast. Awnings shading the deck are obscuring the main battery in this photo. Photograph courtesy of the Brazilian Navy.[Source note]".
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- South_American_dreadnought_race text "As a means of promoting closer cooperation or understanding between the two hemispheres the international armament business was of very dubious worth. The peddling of war material to small but quarrelsome nations was fraught with too many unpleasant and unpredictable consequences. Battleship diplomacy had been a novel departure in American statecraft; some material success had been achieved, but the net result, from the standpoint of the imponderable factors, was most unsatisfactorily disappointing.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race text "Brazil begins to feel the importance of her great position, the part she may play in the world, and is taking measures in a beginner's degree commensurate with that realization. Her battle-ship-building is one with her attitude at The Hague, and these together are but part and parcel, not of a vainglorious striving after position, but of a just conception of her future. Dr. Ruy Barboza did not oppose the details of representation on the international arbitral tribunal out of antipathy to the United States, but because he believed that the sovereignty of Brazil was at least equal to that of any other sovereign nation, and because he was convinced that unequal representation on that tribunal would result in the establishment of 'categories of sovereignty'—a thing utterly opposed to the philosophy of equal sovereign rights. And as in international law and discourse, so in her navy, Brazil seeks to demonstrate her sovereign rank.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race text "Let me, in conclusion, point out two profound lessons of the bitter situation in which we find ourselves. The first is that a military government is not one whit more able to save the country from the vicissitudes of war nor any braver or resourceful in meeting them than a civil government. The second is that the policy of great armaments has no place on the American continent. At least on our part and the part of the nations which surround us, the policy which we ought to follow with joy and hope is that of drawing closer international ties through the development of commercial relations, the peace and friendship of all the peoples who inhabit the countries of America.The experience of Brazil in this respect is decisive. All of the forces employed for twenty years in the perfecting of the means of our national defense have served, after all, to turn upon our own breasts these successive attempts at revolt. International war has not yet come to the doors of our republic. Civil war has come many times, armed by these very weapons which we have so vainly prepared for our defense against a foreign enemy. Let us do away with these ridiculous and perilous great armaments, securing international peace by means rather of just and equitable relations with our neighbors. On the American continent, at least, it is not necessary to maintain a 'peace armada'; that hideous cancer which is devouring continuously the vitals of the nations of Europe.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race text "The question that is puzzling diplomats the world over is why Brazil should want ferocious leviathans of such size and armament and speed as to place them ten to fifteen years in advance of any other nation besides Great Britain. ... Although Brazil has denied that these are meant for England or Japan, naval men of all nations suspect that they are meant for some government other than Brazil's. In the event of war, the government which would first be able to secure these vessels ... would immediately place the odds of naval supremacy in its favor. England, no matter how many Dreadnoughts she has, would be compelled to buy them to keep them from some lesser power. They bring a new question into international politics. They may be leaders of a great fleet which minor government are said to be preparing to build; or, to put it more accurately, to stand sponsors for. Some Machiavellian hand may be at work in this new game of international politics and the British Admiralty is suspected. But every statesmen and naval student may make his own guess.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race text "We may assume that the British battleships embody good ideas and good practice—in all probability the very best. These cannot fail, in a greater or less degree, to become part of the design which the British shipbuilder first submits to the Argentine Government. In the second inquiry it may be presumed that everything that was good in the first proposals had been seized upon by the Argentine authorities and asked for in the new design. This second request went not only to British builders but to all the builders of the world, and in this way it is exceedingly probable that a serious leakage of ideas and practice of our ships was disseminated through the world by the Argentine government. ... The third inquiry that was issued showed to all the builders of the world what has been eliminated or modified in the second inquiry; and so the process of leakage went merrily on, and with it that of the education of foreign builders and the Argentine government.".
- South_American_dreadnought_race text "When I assumed office, I found that my predecessor had signed a contract for the building of the battleship Rio de Janeiro, a vessel of 32,000 tons, with an armament of 14-inch guns. Considerations of every kind pointed to the inconvenience of acquiring such a vessel and to the revision of the contract in the sense of reducing the tonnage. This was done, and we shall possess a powerful unit which will not be built on exaggerated lines such as have not as yet stood the time of experience.".
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- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Battleships.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Geopolitical_rivalry.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:History_of_Argentina_(1880–1916).
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:History_of_Brazil_(1889–present).
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:History_of_Chile.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Military_history_of_Argentina.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Military_history_of_Brazil.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Military_history_of_Chile.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Military_history_of_Latin_America.
- South_American_dreadnought_race subject Category:Technological_races.