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- California_Proposition_209 abstract "Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics: Dr. Glynn Custred and Dr. Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in America.The political campaign to place the language of CCRI on the California ballot as a constitutional amendment was initiated by Joe Gelman (president of the Board of Civil Service Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles), Arnold Steinberg (a pollster and political strategist) and Dr. Larry Arnn (president of the Claremont Institute). It was later endorsed by Governor Pete Wilson and supported and funded by the California Civil Rights Initiative Campaign, led by University of California Regent Ward Connerly, a Wilson ally. A key co-chair of the Campaign was law professor Gail Heriot, who served as a member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. The initiative was opposed by affirmative action advocates and traditional civil rights and feminist organizations on the left side of the political spectrum. Proposition 209 was voted into law on November 5, 1996, with 54 percent of the vote, and has withstood legal scrutiny ever since. In November 2006, a similar amendment modeled on California's Proposition 209 was passed in Michigan, titled the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. The constitutionality of the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative was challenge in the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals. The case made its way to the United States Supreme Court. On April 22, 2014, the US Supreme Court ruled 6-2 that the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative is constitutional, and that States had the right to ban the practice of racial and gender preferences/affirmative action if they chose to do so through the electoral process. On December 3, 2012, California State Senator Edward Hernandez introduced California Senate Constitutional Amendment No.5 (SCA-5) in the State Senate. This initiative proposed an amendment to the state constitution to remove provisions of California Proposition 209 related to public post-secondary education, to permit state universities to consider applicants' race, gender, color, ethnicity, or national origin in admission decisions. SCA-5 was passed by the California State Senate on January 30, 2014. However, following resistance from various citizen groups, especially Asian American groups, Senator Hernandez withdrew his measure from consideration and further action will not be considered in the California Assembly.".
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink Page.aspx?pid=518&srcid=272.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink www.aclusocal.org.
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- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink noccri.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink prop209.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink www.bamn.com.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink www.ceousa.org.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink cahome.html.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink www.pacificlegal.org.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink bio.php?ID=701.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageExternalLink 1996-general-sov.pdf.
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageID "973194".
- California_Proposition_209 wikiPageRevisionID "606081409".
- California_Proposition_209 electorate "15662075".
- California_Proposition_209 invalid "604444".
- California_Proposition_209 invalidpct "5.89".
- California_Proposition_209 no "4388733".
- California_Proposition_209 nopct "45.45".
- California_Proposition_209 source "--11-05".
- California_Proposition_209 title "Proposition 209".
- California_Proposition_209 total "10261639".
- California_Proposition_209 turnoutpct "65.53".
- California_Proposition_209 valid "9657195".
- California_Proposition_209 validpct "94.11".
- California_Proposition_209 yes "5268462".
- California_Proposition_209 yespct "54.55".
- California_Proposition_209 subject Category:Amendments_to_the_California_constitution.
- California_Proposition_209 subject Category:California_ballot_propositions,_1996.
- California_Proposition_209 subject Category:History_of_affirmative_action_in_the_United_States.
- California_Proposition_209 subject Category:Initiatives_in_the_United_States.
- California_Proposition_209 comment "Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics: Dr.".
- California_Proposition_209 label "California Proposition 209".
- California_Proposition_209 label "加里福利亚州209法案".
- California_Proposition_209 sameAs m.03vpj4.
- California_Proposition_209 sameAs Q5020796.
- California_Proposition_209 sameAs Q5020796.
- California_Proposition_209 wasDerivedFrom California_Proposition_209?oldid=606081409.
- California_Proposition_209 isPrimaryTopicOf California_Proposition_209.