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- Ming_dynasty abstract "The Ming dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1662.The Hongwu Emperor (ruled 1368–98) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty: the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world. He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates, enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through published dynastic instructions. This failed spectacularly when his teen-aged successor attempted to curtail his uncles' power, prompting the uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402. The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing, constructed the Forbidden City, and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments. He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats. One, Zheng He, led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the coast of Africa.The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely. The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million, but necessary revenues were squeezed out of smaller and smaller numbers of farmers as more disappeared from the official records or "donated" their lands to tax-exempt eunuchs or temples. Haijin laws intended to protect the coasts from "Japanese" pirates instead turned many into smugglers and pirates themselves.By the 16th century, however, the expansion of European trade – albeit restricted to islands near Guangzhou like Macao – spread the Columbian Exchange of crops, plants, and animals into China, introducing chili peppers to Sichuan cuisine and highly productive corn and potatoes, which diminished famines and spurred population growth. The growth of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch trade created new demand for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of Japanese and American silver. This abundance of specie allowed the Ming to finally avoid using paper money, which had sparked hyperinflation during the 1450s. While traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created, the heterodoxy introduced by Wang Yangming permitted a more accommodating attitude. Zhang Juzheng's initially successful reforms proved devastating when a slowdown in agriculture produced by the Little Ice Age was met with Japanese and Spanish policies that quickly cut off the supply of silver now necessary for farmers to be able to pay their taxes. Combined with crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty was considered to have lost the Mandate of Heaven and collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng and a Manchurian invasion.".
- Ming_dynasty capital Beijing.
- Ming_dynasty capital Nanjing.
- Ming_dynasty currency Bimetallism.
- Ming_dynasty currency Cash_(Chinese_coin).
- Ming_dynasty currency Chinese_cash_(currency_unit).
- Ming_dynasty currency Sycee.
- Ming_dynasty currency Tael.
- Ming_dynasty dissolutionDate "1644-04-25".
- Ming_dynasty dissolutionYear "1644".
- Ming_dynasty foundingDate "1368-01-23".
- Ming_dynasty foundingYear "1368".
- Ming_dynasty thumbnail China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1889.svg?width=300.
- Ming_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink painting-masters.php.
- Ming_dynasty wikiPageExternalLink hd_ming.htm.
- Ming_dynasty wikiPageID "43449".
- Ming_dynasty wikiPageRevisionID "604882353".
- Ming_dynasty altname "Empire of the Great Ming".
- Ming_dynasty c "明朝".
- Ming_dynasty capital Beijing.
- Ming_dynasty capital Nanjing.
- Ming_dynasty commonLanguages Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca).
- Ming_dynasty commonLanguages "Official language:".
- Ming_dynasty commonLanguages "Other Chinese dialects".
- Ming_dynasty commonLanguages "Other languages:".
- Ming_dynasty commonLanguages "Turki , Tibetan, Mongolian, Jurchen, others".
- Ming_dynasty commonName "Ming dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty continent "Asia".
- Ming_dynasty conventionalLongName "Great Ming".
- Ming_dynasty country "China".
- Ming_dynasty currency Bimetallism.
- Ming_dynasty currency "Silver taels in sycees and by weight".
- Ming_dynasty currency "copper cashes in strings of coin and paper".
- Ming_dynasty dateEnd "--04-25".
- Ming_dynasty datePost "1662-01-22".
- Ming_dynasty dateStart "--01-23".
- Ming_dynasty deputy "Wei Zaode".
- Ming_dynasty deputy "Xie Jin".
- Ming_dynasty eventEnd Battle_of_Beijing_(1644).
- Ming_dynasty eventPost "End of the Southern Ming".
- Ming_dynasty eventStart "Established in Nanjing".
- Ming_dynasty flagS "China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg".
- Ming_dynasty flagS "Flag Portugal .svg".
- Ming_dynasty footnotes "Remnants of the Ming dynasty ruled southern China until 1662, a dynastic period which is known as the Southern Ming.".
- Ming_dynasty footnotes "²According to A. G. Frank, ReOrient: global economy in the Asian Age, 1998, p. 109".
- Ming_dynasty footnotes "³According to A. Maddison, The World Economy Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective Volume 2, 2007, p. 238".
- Ming_dynasty footnotes "¹The numbers are based on estimates made by CJ Peers in Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520–1840".
- Ming_dynasty governmentType "Absolute monarchy".
- Ming_dynasty imageMap "Ming Dynasty 1415.png".
- Ming_dynasty imageMapCaption "Ming China at its greatest extent under the reign of the Yongle Emperor".
- Ming_dynasty j "daai6 ming4 dai3 gwok3".
- Ming_dynasty j "ming4 ciu4".
- Ming_dynasty latd "39".
- Ming_dynasty latm "54".
- Ming_dynasty latns "N".
- Ming_dynasty leader "The Chongzhen Emperor".
- Ming_dynasty leader "The Hongwu Emperor".
- Ming_dynasty longd "116".
- Ming_dynasty longew "E".
- Ming_dynasty longm "23".
- Ming_dynasty nativeName "大明".
- Ming_dynasty p "Dà Míng Dì Guó".
- Ming_dynasty p "Míng Cháo".
- Ming_dynasty p "Yuan dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty region "China".
- Ming_dynasty religion Buddhism.
- Ming_dynasty religion Chinese_folk_religion.
- Ming_dynasty religion Confucianism.
- Ming_dynasty religion Heaven_worship.
- Ming_dynasty religion Islam.
- Ming_dynasty religion Taoism.
- Ming_dynasty s "Portuguese Macau".
- Ming_dynasty s "Qing dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty s "Shun dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty s "Southern Ming dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty s "大明帝国".
- Ming_dynasty statArea "6500000".
- Ming_dynasty statPop "125000000".
- Ming_dynasty statPop "160000000".
- Ming_dynasty statPop "65000000".
- Ming_dynasty statPop "66598337".
- Ming_dynasty statYear "1393".
- Ming_dynasty statYear "1403".
- Ming_dynasty statYear "1415".
- Ming_dynasty statYear "1500".
- Ming_dynasty statYear "1600".
- Ming_dynasty status "Empire".
- Ming_dynasty t "大明帝國".
- Ming_dynasty title Dynasties_in_Chinese_history.
- Ming_dynasty title "Ming Dynasty".
- Ming_dynasty titleDeputy "Senior Grand Secretary".
- Ming_dynasty titleLeader "Emperor".
- Ming_dynasty w "Ming Ch'ao".
- Ming_dynasty w "Ta Ming Ti Kuo".
- Ming_dynasty wuu "da men di kueh/koh".
- Ming_dynasty wuu "men zau".
- Ming_dynasty yearDeputy "1402".
- Ming_dynasty yearDeputy "1644".
- Ming_dynasty yearEnd "1644".
- Ming_dynasty yearExileEnd "1662".