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- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ classification C3.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ date "2023".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ language "eng".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ type conference.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ hasPart 01HMRCDBNCZBRR3J3AHZ0DMQ9X.pdf.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ subject "Veterinary Sciences".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ presentedAt urn:uuid:27f1a03e-bb5f-43cd-8df3-be5b33ae3d5a.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ abstract "Standard echocardiographic images identify the most important large structures in the heart. The clinician should however also be able to identify more detailed anatomical structures and judge their appearance. Below is a brief description on how to obtain some of the images to visualize specific structures or vessels. From the right parasternal 2nd intercostal view, with the transducer rotation between 1 and 3 o’clock (OC) position and angling dorsally, the trabeculated right atrial appendage (RAA) with its pectinate muscles is seen. Deep (dorsal) to that, the cranial vena cava (CrVC) and crista terminalis are visible. A similar view from the 3rd intercostal space shows tuberculum intervenosum between CrVC and (caudal) CaVC becomes obvious and in some horses also the azygos vein (very dorsal). From this view the great and middle cardiac vein can be seen. With slightly less dorsal angulation, the bifurcation of aorta and brachiocephalic trunk is visible. The caudal part of the tuberculum forms the limbus which flanks the fossa ovalis, easily recognizable as the thinnest part of the interatrial septum, just ventral to ostium III. This view should be used to check patency of the foramen ovale. However echo dropout is common on 2D and especially 3D images and intracardiac echo is the best way to evaluate the fossa. It is common to see flow, even turbulent flow, around the fossa, especially on the 4-chamber view, normal horses. On the 4-chamber view, the trabeculum septomarginale can be visualised running from septum to free wall in a ventrolateral direction. The size of the trabeculum shows a lot of variation but is often very prominent in animals with congenital disease and right ventricular hypertrophy. Ventral in the right ventricle trabeculae carneae can be visualized, which can also elicit a systolic (turbulent) flow towards the right ventricle in systole. Catheters very often get trapped within the trabeculae, hampering their advancement towards the pulmonary artery. The right ventricular inflow-outflow view is obtained by cranial angulation of the probe from the 4th or 3th intercostal space. Only slight rotation of the probe counterclockwise (to about 11-11.30h) is enough to visualize the pulmonary artery on long axis which allows for a better measurement of diameter and flow. Flow profiles are usually slightly better from the 3rd compared to the 4rd intercostal space. One should be aware that on this view, the fusion between left and right pulmonary valve often gives the false impression of a thickened leaflet. On the left ventricular outflow tract, in most horses, only one (left) sinus of Valsalva is seen, while in some two are seen, which can introduce error when using sinus of Valsalva measurements to assess aortic size. The author therefore prefers the sino-tubular junction measurement. This view also shows the left bundle branch. From the 4 chamber and slightly oblique views, pulmonary veins (I), II and III are visible. From the left parasternal cranial view, pulmonary valve (12 OC) and number of leaflets (9 OC) are visible, flanked by the RAA. The latter is easily identifiable by its trabeculated structure. By gradually angling dorsally and caudally and rotating the probe clockwise towards 2-2.30 OC, the trajectory of the pulmonary artery, while it curves around the aorta, can be viewed until the bifurcation, where ostium IV flanks the lateral side of the left pulmonary artery and the left atrial appendage is located between thoracic wall and pulmonary artery. Careful scanning in that area allows to visualize further branching of the left pulmonary artery. The ductus arteriosus (neonatal foals) and an aorto-pulmonary fistulation (Friesian horses) can be found just cranial to the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. Slight cranial and caudal angulation from the long axis view of atrium and ventricle (around 12 OC), shows pulmonary veins I-III. Ostium III is closest to the interatrial septum. Ostium II is the largest, located on the caudodorsal left atrial wall. Short axis views of the left atrium show ostium I, II and III, the latter with further branching into smaller vessels.".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ author F4CF46BA-F0ED-11E1-A9DE-61C894A0A6B4.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ dateCreated "2024-01-22T10:42:55Z".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ dateModified "2024-10-29T18:33:41Z".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ name "When anatomy meets technology : echocardiographic anatomy of the horse".
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ pagination urn:uuid:e363e9ab-bab2-48b1-8def-faf72a458fd0.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ sameAs LU-01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ sourceOrganization urn:uuid:578369cc-8da7-4801-b0d4-79b0c8b8de39.
- 01HMRC86ZN61F02A0MDH5ZRQKQ type C3.