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- aggregation classification "D1".
- aggregation creator person.
- aggregation date "2010".
- aggregation format "application/pdf".
- aggregation hasFormat 1047392.bibtex.
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- aggregation language "eng".
- aggregation publisher "Ghent University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences".
- aggregation rights "I have transferred the copyright for this publication to the publisher".
- aggregation subject "Medicine and Health Sciences".
- aggregation title "Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic determinants on the transition from walking to running".
- aggregation abstract "Introduction: Experiments on treadmill showed that humans spontaneously switch from walking to running around a speed of 2 m s-1 although they are able to walk faster or run slower. Different factors that could influence the walk-to-run transition (WRT) speed, called determinants, have been proposed. The aim of this work was to describe and experimentally validate the role of one type of intrinsic determinant and one extrinsic determinant (i.e. respectively ankle muscular effort and optic flow). Methods: Ultrasonography was used to describe muscle-tendon behavior of a muscle that potentially determines the walk-to-run transition i.e. m. gastrocnemius. In order to experimentally test the influence of muscular effort of the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors on the WRT speed a powered ankle-foot exoskeleton was developed and its effect on metabolic cost was tested. In order to understand how the WRT is initiated in ecological overground conditions a hallway was constructed that allowed manipulating optic flow. Results and discussion: The ultrasound measurements showed an abrupt change in m. gastrocnemius muscle-tendon behavior during the WRT that possibly contributes to power the energy jump during the WRT step. Each of the bi-directional experimental manipulations (plantarflexors, dorsiflexors and optic flow) was able to provoke a decrease in walk-to-run transition speed but no increase. The decreases prove that the studied parameters are indeed determinants. The absence of increases could be explained by weak links in the pool of determinants that prevent an increase in the walk-to-run transition speed, the focused nature of the experimental manipulations and the protocols that were used. The combined results suggest that the walk-to-run transition is determined by multiple determinants whose hierarchical position depends on context and protocol. The powered exoskeleton that was used was shown to be able to increase the economy of normal walking when its actuation coincided with push off but it could not decrease m. gastrocnemius activation. Nevertheless, it proved to be a useful tool for fundamental locomotion research.".
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