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- aggregation classification "A1".
- aggregation creator person.
- aggregation creator person.
- aggregation date "2010".
- aggregation format "application/pdf".
- aggregation hasFormat 1097006.bibtex.
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- aggregation isPartOf urn:issn:1350-1674.
- aggregation language "eng".
- aggregation rights "I have transferred the copyright for this publication to the publisher".
- aggregation subject "History and Archaeology".
- aggregation title "East European Jewish migrants and settlers in Belgium, 1880-1914: a transatlantic perspective".
- aggregation abstract "This article analyses whether the Jews leaving Tsarist Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, part of the transatlantic mass migration of the end of the nineteenth century, became subject to state control. Most emigrants from Eastern Europe in this period passed through the ports of Bremen, Hamburg and Antwerp. In the 1880s only a few emigrants were not welcome in America and sent back to Europe, but economic competition and the supposed health threat immigrants posed meant the US became the trendsetter in implementing protectionist immigration policy in the 1890s. More emigrants were returned to Europe because of the newly erected US federal immigration control stations, but many more were denied the possibility to leave for the United States by the remote control mechanism which the American authorities enforced on the European authorities and the shipping companies. At the Russian-German border and the port of Antwerp, shipping companies stopped transit migrants who were deemed medically unacceptable by American standards. The shipping companies became subcontractors for the American authorities as they risked heavy fines if they transported unwanted emigrants. The Belgian authorities refused to collaborate with the Americans and defended their sovereignty, and made shipping companies in the port of Antwerp solely responsible for the American remote migration control. Due to the private migration control at the port of Antwerp transit migrants became stuck in Belgium. The Belgian authorities wanted these stranded migrants to return “home.” It seems that the number of stranded migrants remained manageable as the Belgian authorities did not make the shipping companies pay the bill. They were able to get away by making some symbolic gestures and these migrants were supported by charitable contributions from the local Jewish community.".
- aggregation authorList BK887412.
- aggregation endPage "284".
- aggregation issue "3".
- aggregation startPage "261".
- aggregation volume "40".
- aggregation aggregates 1097016.
- aggregation isDescribedBy 1097006.
- aggregation similarTo 13501674.2010.530422.
- aggregation similarTo LU-1097006.