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• Acacia_crassicarpa abstract "Acacia crassicarpa (Northern Wattle, Thick-podded Salwood, Brown Salwood, Papua New Guinea Red Wattle, Red Wattle; syn. Racosperma crassicarpum (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley.) is a tree native to Australia (Queensland), West Papua (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea.Synonym(s)Racosperma crassicarpum (A.Cunn ex Benth.) L. PedleyCommon names(English) : northern wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle, red wattleBotanic descriptionAcacia crassicarpa is a small- to medium-sized tree 25 m (max. 30) tall; bole often straight and branchless for about 13–18 m; up to 50–60 cm in diameter; crown heavily branched and spreading. Bark dark or grey brown, hard with deep vertical furrows; inner bark is red and fibrous. Phyllodes falcate, 8-27 x 1-4.5 cm, greyish-green, glabrous; primary veins 3-5, prominent, longitudinal, tending to run into the lower margin at the base; secondary veins parallel, not anastomosing, crowded; pulvinus, 4–20 mm long with a circular gland at the top. Inflorescence a bright yellow spike, 4–7 cm long, clustered in groups of about 2-6 in the upper axils; peduncle 5–10 mm long, rachis thick; flowers pentamerous, bisexual; calyx broadly cupular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, lobes concave, lobed to about halfway down; corolla widely spreading, glabrous, 1.3-1.6 mm long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2–3 mm long; ovary shortly pubescent, more densely hairy at the top. Pod woody, ovoid-oblong, flat, 5-8 x 2–4 cm, glabrous, dull brown, transversely veined but hardly reticulate. Seed oblongoid, 5-6 x 2–3 mm, black, arranged separately in separate compartments; areole large and almost closed; funicle folded and thickened, forming a long, pale creamy-yellow aril below the seed. The generic name acacia comes from the Greek word ‘akis’ meaning a point or a barb, and the specific epithet is from Latin, 'crassus' (thick) and 'carpus' (fruit), in reference to its thick pod.Ecology and distribution'History of cultivationA. crassicarpa occurs naturally in northeastern Queensland, southwestern Papua New Guinea and southeastern Irian Jaya (Indonesia). Experimental plantings have been made in several countries in southeast Asia.Natural HabitatThe species is found in warm to hot humid and sub-humid zones in the lowland tropics. In Australia, it is commonly found immediately behind beaches, on coastal plains and foothills. It appears to be tolerant of salt spray and soil salinity. In Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, Indonesia, A. crassicarpa is found on the gently undulating terrains on well-drained, strongly acid soils, and on imperfectly drained soils that flood in the wet season. On former rainforest wetlands with a sandy loam soil it is superior in growth to Acacia mangium. In the southern coastal lowlands of Queensland the species occurs in the understorey of open forest and in open woodland dominated by Eucalyptus pellita, E. tereticornis or E. tessellaris. On frontal sand dunes it is found as a wind-sheared shrub or small tree, behind Casuarina equisetifolia and associated with Alphitonia exelsa. On Cape York Peninsula, it is associated with Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Allocasuarina littoralis and Melaleuca spp. In Papua New Guinea, northern wattle occurs frequently with Acacia aulacocarpa, A. auriculiformis and A. mangium.Geographic distributionNative : Australia, Indonesia, Papua New GuineaExotic : China, Fiji, Malaysia, ThailandBiophysical limitsAltitude: 0–200 m (max. 450), Mean annual temperature: 15-22 to 31-34 deg. C, Mean annual rainfall: 500-3 500 mm Soil type: Red wattle occurs on a wide variety of soil types, from calcareous beach sands, yellow earths derived from granite, red earths on basic volcanic rock to alluvial and colluvial soils derived from a variety of parent materials.Reproductive BiologyFlowering starts as early as 18 months after planting, while seed is produced in abundance after 4 years. Seeds mature 5–6 months after flowering. In its native range, the main flowering season is May–June, but light flowering may occur as late as September. The peak fruiting season is October–November, however there is variation between locations and from year to year.Propagation and managementPropagation methodsSeeds remain viable for many years and heat treatment or nicking of the seed coat is required to break dormancy. Immersion in boiling water for 1 minute is also a suitable treatment. Treated seeds are sown in germination beds, and seedlings with 2 pairs of leaves can be transplanted into polythene bags containing a mixture of soil and river sand. They are raised under partial shade, then in the open, and planted out when stem height reaches 25–30 cm. Inoculation of nursery seedlings with a selected Rhizobium strain prior to planting out is recommended for maximum nodule development. Vegetative propagation through air-layering has given promising results in Thailand. Cuttings may be successful for trees up to 3 years old but older trees are difficult to root. Marcotting is effective for older specimens.Tree ManagementUnder favourable conditions seedlings grow rapidly reaching 25–30 cm in 3–4 months. A. crassicarpa is one of the fastest growing tropical Acacia species. It appears to maintain active shoot growth almost the year round, although a few months of stagnation may occur in the dry season. On sites dominated by Imperata cylindrica or other weedy plants, weed control is necessary in the first 1–2 years to ensure establishment. Coppicing ability varies with cutting height and provenance, but is not a suitable method of regeneration, since trees do not coppice well. In open situations, the crown is strongly branched and casts a moderate shade. Preliminary observations indicate that A. crassicarpa is resistant to low intensity fires. An aboveground dry biomass of 207 t/ha can be obtained in 3 years with mean annual rainfall of 1 500 mm, and 40 t/ha in 3 years on poorer sites. Spacing of 3 x 3 m (1 100 trees/ha) to 4 x 4 m (625 trees/ha) is suitable for land reclamation, fuelwood and pulpwood plantations.Germplasm ManagementThe seeds of A. crassicarpa have a hard seed coat, low moisture content and are well-suited to storage in an air-tight container at room temperature (24°C). The seeds weigh about 36 400 seeds/kg.Functional usesProductsFuel: The wood dries out moderately rapidly, burns well and is useful for firewood and charcoal, although it sparks at ignition and produces some fly ash and smoke during flaming. Its energy value is 22 600 kJ/kg. Fibre: A. crassicarpa is suitable for kraft pulping, with a moderate screened pulp yield of 47%, and excellent pulpwood productivity (300 kg per cubic metre). Fast-grown plantation wood of lower density may prove more suitable for pulp production than wood from native trees. Timber: The sapwood is pale yellowish-brown and heartwood golden-brown. The wood is strong and durable with a density of 670–710 kg/cubic metre. It is suitable for a wide range of sawn timber end-uses including light structural and decorative purposes. Examples include construction, furniture, flooring, board and boat building.ServicesShade or shelter: A. crassicarpa provides suitable shade. Reclamation: The tree can be planted for weed control and is often cited as an effective species for the rehabilitation of land infested with Imperata cylindrica. In Papua New Guinea, it is reported to be a very vigorous colonizer of degraded soils following shifting cultivation. Although suitable for planting for land reclamation, it is too competitive to grow in combination with annual crops. Nitrogen fixing: A. crassicarpa is a vigorous atmospheric nitrogen fixer and nodulates well with a group of related Rhizobium strains. Soil improver: Leaves decompose slowly and are useful as mulch.Pests and diseasesThree pests and diseases of economic value have been reported. They include Platypus spp., an ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus spp.) and pinhole borer. The tunnels and associated bacterial staining destroy the appearance of the wood, may lower the strength properties and may contribute to a greater bleaching agent requirement during paper making. Sinoxylon spp., a twig- and branch-boring beetle, may girdle and break stems of young trees. An unknown fungus sometimes causes severe spotted chlorosis and premature senescence of older phyllodes, while the narrow creamy yellow sapwood is susceptible to rapid fungal decay. Cercospora can affect productivity, particularly during prolonged periods of drought.BibliographyDoran CJ, Turnbull JW (eds.). 1997. Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics. ACIAR monograph No. 24, 384 p.Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.Thomson LAJ. 1994. Acacia aulacocarpa, A. cincinnata, A. crassicarpa and A. wetarensis: an annotated bibliography. CSIRO.Turnbull JW. 1986. Multipurpose Australian trees and shrubs: lesser-known species for fuelwood and agroforestry. ACIAR Monograph No. 1.".
• Acacia_crassicarpa binomialAuthority Allan_Cunningham_(botanist).
• Acacia_crassicarpa class Eudicots.
• Acacia_crassicarpa conservationStatus "VU".
• Acacia_crassicarpa conservationStatusSystem "IUCN2.3".
• Acacia_crassicarpa division Flowering_plant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa family Fabaceae.
• Acacia_crassicarpa genus Acacia.
• Acacia_crassicarpa kingdom Plant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa order Fabales.
• Acacia_crassicarpa order Rosids.
• Acacia_crassicarpa wikiPageExternalLink sbank-treatment2.pl?id=2836.
• Acacia_crassicarpa wikiPageExternalLink all.
• Acacia_crassicarpa wikiPageExternalLink SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=28:.
• Acacia_crassicarpa wikiPageID "10533409".
• Acacia_crassicarpa wikiPageRevisionID "558826885".
• Acacia_crassicarpa binomial "Acacia crassicarpa".
• Acacia_crassicarpa binomialAuthority "A.Cunn ex Benth.".
• Acacia_crassicarpa familia Fabaceae.
• Acacia_crassicarpa genus "Acacia".
• Acacia_crassicarpa hasPhotoCollection Acacia_crassicarpa.
• Acacia_crassicarpa ordo Fabales.
• Acacia_crassicarpa regnum "Plantae".
• Acacia_crassicarpa species "A. crassicarpa".
• Acacia_crassicarpa status "VU".
• Acacia_crassicarpa statusSystem "IUCN2.3".
• Acacia_crassicarpa unrankedClassis Eudicots.
• Acacia_crassicarpa unrankedDivisio Flowering_plant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa unrankedOrdo Rosids.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Acacia.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Fabales_of_Australia.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Flora_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Flora_of_Queensland.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Flora_of_Western_New_Guinea.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Vulnerable_biota_of_Queensland.
• Acacia_crassicarpa subject Category:Vulnerable_flora_of_Australia.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type Eukaryote.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type Plant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type Species.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type FloweringPlant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type Plant.
• Acacia_crassicarpa type Organism.
• Acacia_crassicarpa comment "Acacia crassicarpa (Northern Wattle, Thick-podded Salwood, Brown Salwood, Papua New Guinea Red Wattle, Red Wattle; syn. Racosperma crassicarpum (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley.) is a tree native to Australia (Queensland), West Papua (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea.Synonym(s)Racosperma crassicarpum (A.Cunn ex Benth.) L. PedleyCommon names(English) : northern wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle, red wattleBotanic descriptionAcacia crassicarpa is a small- to medium-sized tree 25 m (max.".
• Acacia_crassicarpa label "Acacia crassicarpa".
• Acacia_crassicarpa label "Acacia crassicarpa".
• Acacia_crassicarpa sameAs Acacia_crassicarpa.
• Acacia_crassicarpa sameAs m.02qg_n6.
• Acacia_crassicarpa sameAs Q3296597.
• Acacia_crassicarpa sameAs Q3296597.
• Acacia_crassicarpa wasDerivedFrom Acacia_crassicarpa?oldid=558826885.
• Acacia_crassicarpa isPrimaryTopicOf Acacia_crassicarpa.