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- Byzantine_army abstract "The Byzantine army or Eastern Roman army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. A direct descendant of the Roman army, the Byzantine army maintained a similar level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization. It was among the most effective armies of western Eurasia for much of the Middle Ages. The early Byzantine army experienced victory, as well as defeat, and over time the cavalry arm became more prominent as the legion system disappeared in the early 7th century. Later reforms reflected some Germanic and Asian influences – rival forces frequently became sources of mercenary units e.g.; Huns, Cumans, Alans and (following the Battle of Manzikert) Turks meeting the Empire's demand for light cavalry mercenaries. Since much of the Byzantine military focused on the strategy and skill of generals utilizing militia troops, heavy infantry were recruited from Frankish and later Varangian mercenaries.From the seventh to the 12th centuries, the Byzantine army was among the most powerful and effective military forces – neither Middle Ages Europe nor (following its early successes) the fracturing Caliphate could match the strategies and the efficiency of the Byzantine army. Restricted to a largely defensive role in the 7th to mid-9th centuries, the Byzantines developed the theme-system to counter the more powerful Caliphate. From the mid-9th century, however, they gradually went on the offensive, culminating in the great conquests of the 10th century under a series of soldier-emperors such as Nikephoros II Phokas, John Tzimiskes and Basil II. The army they led was less reliant on the militia of the themes; it was by now a largely professional force, with a strong and well-drilled infantry at its core and augmented by a revived heavy cavalry arm. With one of the most powerful economies in the world at the time, the Empire had the resources to put to the field a powerful host when needed, in order to reclaim its long-lost territories.After the collapse of the theme-system in the 11th century, the Byzantines grew increasingly reliant on professional Tagmata troops, including ever-increasing numbers of foreign mercenaries. The Komnenian emperors made great efforts to re-establish a native army, instituting the pronoia system of land grants in exchange for military service. Nevertheless, mercenaries remained a staple feature of late Byzantine armies since the loss of Asia Minor reduced the Empire's recruiting-ground, while the abuse of the pronoia grants led to a progressive feudalism in the Empire. The Komnenian successes were undone by the subsequent Angeloi dynasty, leading to the dissolution of the Empire at the hands of the Fourth Crusade in 1204.The Emperors of Nicaea managed to form a small but effective force using the same structure of light and heavily armed troops, both natives and foreigners. It proved effective in defending what remained of Byzantine Anatolia and reclaiming much of the Balkans and even Constantinople itself in 1261. Another period of neglect of the military followed in the reign of Andronikos II Palaiologos, which allowed Anatolia to fall prey to an emerging power, the Ottoman emirate. Successive civil wars in the 14th century further sapped the Empire's strength and destroyed any remaining chance of recovery, while the weakening of central authority and the devolution of power to provincial leaders meant that the Byzantine army was now composed of a collection of militias, personal entourages and mercenary detachments.".
- Byzantine_army thumbnail Constantin_I.JPG?width=300.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink 1018.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink www.deremilitari.org.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink moroz.pdf.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink Rance2.pdf..
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink Fit_for_the_Task.pdf.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink KKK.html.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageExternalLink Byzantine_army.
- Byzantine_army wikiPageID "2024951".
- Byzantine_army wikiPageRevisionID "606696938".
- Byzantine_army active "636".
- Byzantine_army allies Anatolian_beyliks.
- Byzantine_army allies Axum.
- Byzantine_army allies Bulgars.
- Byzantine_army allies Crusader_states.
- Byzantine_army allies Eurasian_Avars.
- Byzantine_army allies Hungarians.
- Byzantine_army allies Khazars.
- Byzantine_army allies Rus'_people.
- Byzantine_army area Anatolia.
- Byzantine_army area Balkans.
- Byzantine_army area Caucasus.
- Byzantine_army area Crimea.
- Byzantine_army area Italy.
- Byzantine_army area Middle_East.
- Byzantine_army area North_Africa.
- Byzantine_army area Spania.
- Byzantine_army hasPhotoCollection Byzantine_army.
- Byzantine_army headquarters Constantinople.
- Byzantine_army leaders Roman_emperor.
- Byzantine_army name "Byzantine army".
- Byzantine_army opponents "Goths, Huns, Sassanid Persia, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Avars, Slavs, Muslim Caliphate, Bulgaria, Rus', Normans, Crusader states, Seljuks, Anatolian beyliks, Ottomans and others".
- Byzantine_army partof Byzantine_Empire.
- Byzantine_army previous Late_Roman_army.
- Byzantine_army war List_of_Byzantine_wars.
- Byzantine_army subject Category:Byzantine_army.
- Byzantine_army subject Category:Medieval_armies.
- Byzantine_army subject Category:Military_history_of_the_Mediterranean.
- Byzantine_army subject Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Middle_Ages.
- Byzantine_army subject Category:Warfare_of_the_Middle_Ages.
- Byzantine_army type Abstraction100002137.
- Byzantine_army type Army108191230.
- Byzantine_army type Force108208016.
- Byzantine_army type Group100031264.
- Byzantine_army type MedievalArmies.
- Byzantine_army type MilitaryService108198137.
- Byzantine_army type MilitaryUnit108198398.
- Byzantine_army type MilitaryUnitsAndFormationsOfTheMiddleAges.
- Byzantine_army type Organization108008335.
- Byzantine_army type SocialGroup107950920.
- Byzantine_army type Unit108189659.
- Byzantine_army type YagoLegalActor.
- Byzantine_army type YagoLegalActorGeo.
- Byzantine_army type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Byzantine_army type Agent.
- Byzantine_army type MilitaryUnit.
- Byzantine_army type Organisation.
- Byzantine_army type Organization.
- Byzantine_army type Agent.
- Byzantine_army type SocialPerson.
- Byzantine_army type Thing.
- Byzantine_army comment "The Byzantine army or Eastern Roman army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. A direct descendant of the Roman army, the Byzantine army maintained a similar level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization. It was among the most effective armies of western Eurasia for much of the Middle Ages.".
- Byzantine_army label "Armée byzantine".
- Byzantine_army label "Byzantine army".
- Byzantine_army label "Byzantinisches Heerwesen".
- Byzantine_army label "Ejército bizantino".
- Byzantine_army label "Esercito bizantino".
- Byzantine_army label "Exército bizantino".
- Byzantine_army label "Армия Византийской империи".
- Byzantine_army label "الجيش البيزنطي".
- Byzantine_army sameAs Byzantinisches_Heerwesen.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Βυζαντινός_στρατός.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Ejército_bizantino.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Armée_byzantine.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Angkatan_darat_Bizantium.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Esercito_bizantino.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Exército_bizantino.
- Byzantine_army sameAs m.06fzq8.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Q1018780.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Q1018780.
- Byzantine_army sameAs Byzantine_army.
- Byzantine_army wasDerivedFrom Byzantine_army?oldid=606696938.
- Byzantine_army depiction Constantin_I.JPG.
- Byzantine_army isPrimaryTopicOf Byzantine_army.
