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• Canadian_mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo abstract "This article describes extractive sector companies that are incorporated in Canada and are either currently or previously active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It encompasses mining and petroleum companies, both those carrying out commercial, large-scale extraction operations, and junior exploration and development companies.The D.R. Congo is a key destination for Canadian mining investments in Africa. According to Natural Resources Canada, Canadian mining assets in the D.R. Congo rose from Cdn.$321m. in 2001 to $864m. in 2006, and averaged $319m. over that period; these assets in 2006 represented 10.5% of total Canadian mining assets in Africa, and 1.3% of total Canadian mining assets outside of Canada, similar to the shares in 2001. Natural Resources Canada attributed the increase in investment to the return of peace in the DR Congo, and predicted Canadian investments would exceed $3 billion by 2010. There were fewer than ten Canadian-owned mineral properties in what was then Zaire during 1991-1996, while in 2005, Canadian properties in the D.R. Congo had risen to approximately thirty. According to the Canadian Embassy in Kinshasa, in 2007 there were fifteen major Canadian mining companies active in the D.R. Congo, holding 118 mining titles with investments totaling Cdn.$1.4 billion. In 2009, the D.R. Congo placed among the top ten African countries in terms of Canadian mining interests, with over thirty active properties. During 2007 to 2009, the D.R. Congo ranked either first or second-highest in terms of Canadian-owned mining assets in Africa, between Cdn.$2.7bn. and $5.2bn., or an average of 18.9% of total Canada-Africa mining assets.When compared against other nations, Canada's mining presence in the D.R. Congo is in a distinct class for a number of reasons, including: Predominant Canadian corporate presence. In mid-2012, the business database Datamonitor 360 (formerly MarketLine Business Information Centre) identified twenty-five international mining companies as being active in the D.R. Congo, including a plurality of nine Canadian-domiciled mining companies (African Metals Corporation, Africo Resources, Banro Corp., Delrand Resources - formerly BRC DiamondCore Ltd., El Niño Ventures Inc., First Quantum Minerals, Lundin Mining Corp., as well as Anvil Mining, misidentified as Australian, and Katanga Mining, misidentified as British); by comparison, five were registered in Australia (BHP Billiton, Erongo Energy, Green Machine Development Corporation, Mawson West Ltd., Tiger Resources), three from South Africa (African Rainbow Minerals, AngloGold Ashanti, Chrometco Ltd.), three in the United Kingdom (Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation, Mwana Africa, Randgold Resources), and one each from China (CIC Mining Resources Ltd., with Japanese Eco Energy Group's African subsidiary, Eco Project Company Ltd.), India (Jindal Steel & Power), Malaysia (Malaysia Smelting Corporation Berhad), Morocco (Managem SA) and the United States (Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold). In 2011, the Congolese operations of two major companies, AngloGold Ashanti, and BHP Billiton were only in the exploration phase, whereas Canada had four companies undertaking large-scale commercial extraction for several years or more: Anvil Mining, First Quantum Minerals, Katanga Mining and Lundin Mining. Canadian-led management of DRC's state-run mining company. As part of a World Bank programme from 2005 to 2009, Canadian lawyer Paul Fortin was managing director of the Congolese mining parastatal Gécamines, during which time there was a reduction in its labour force to nine thousand employees, and privatization involving numerous joint ventures with foreign companies, including agreements valued at $9 billion with Chinese investors. Workers protested Fortin's suspension in 2007, and he was reinstated. Canadian dominance in Congolese industrial copper and cobalt production. Garrett and Lintzer reported unpublished growth projections made by the World Bank for Congolese copper and cobalt production during 2008 to 2014. According to these data, Canadian companies First Quantum Minerals, Lundin Mining (in partnership with the US firm Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold) and Katanga Mining will have been responsible for more than two-thirds of total Congolese copper output from 2008 to 2013, and for more than two-thirds of total Congolese cobalt output from 2008 to 2014. The only other actors cited were Belgium (George Forrest International S.A. - Kamoto Copper Company SARL) and China (unnamed). While more than eighty percent of Katanga Province's ore processing operations and smelters were reported by the Governor, Moise Katumbi, to be Chinese-owned in 2008, and ninety percent of the product exported to China, the World Bank did not forecast Chinese production volumes to overtake that of individual Canadian-owned and Canadian-joint-owned copper operations until 2013, while Canadian-owned cobalt production is expected to exceed Chinese output until at least the year 2014. In 2009, the tax revenue provided to the government of the D.R. Congo by one Canadian company, First Quantum Minerals, was estimated to represent between one-eighth and one-quarter of all Congolese tax revenues, making it the DRC's largest taxpayer that year, an amount equivalent to the DRC's entire health budget. First Quantum quantified their overall contribution to the DRC economy as equivalent to 3.1% of the country's gross national income for 2009. Controversies and legislation. An alleged violation of human rights involving the deaths of over seventy Congolese civilians was linked to a Canadian company, Anvil Mining, which has led to separate legal trials and investigations in the DRC, Australia and Canada. Two Canadian companies, First Quantum Minerals and Heritage Oil, have had their mining permits revoked by the DRC government since 2009, leading to ongoing international arbitration, legal proceedings, and alleged links to obstruction attempts by the Government of Canada in the negotiation of International Monetary Fund and World Bank debt relief to the DRC in 2010. Since 2005, discussions of Canadian-Congolese mining have figured prominently in the Government of Canada's measures relating to corporate responsibility in overseas extractive sector operations, including the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Development of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (SCFAIT) in 2005, the 2006 National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Canadian Extractive Sector in Developing Countries, Private Members' Bill C-300, An Act respecting Corporate Accountability for the Activities of Mining, Oil or Gas in Developing Countries, Private Member's Bill C-354, An Act to amend the Federal Courts Act (international promotion and protection of human rights) and Private Member's Bill C-571, the Trade in Conflict Minerals Act which specifically mentions the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Direct involvement by a former Canadian head of government. During 1997-1998, a former Canadian prime minister, Joe Clark, was employed by First Quantum Minerals as a political advisor to the DRC's president at the time, Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Clark was quoted by Canadian journalist Madeleine Drohan as saying: "I had very little to do with the mining operations, although I knew I was First Quantum's calling card".↑ 1.0 1.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
• Canadian_mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo wikiPageExternalLink www.anvilmining.com.
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• Canadian_mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo comment "This article describes extractive sector companies that are incorporated in Canada and are either currently or previously active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It encompasses mining and petroleum companies, both those carrying out commercial, large-scale extraction operations, and junior exploration and development companies.The D.R. Congo is a key destination for Canadian mining investments in Africa. According to Natural Resources Canada, Canadian mining assets in the D.R.".
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