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- Cardinal-nephew abstract "A cardinal-nephew (Latin: cardinalis nepos; Italian: cardinale nipote; Spanish: valido de su tío; French: prince de fortune) is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669. From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), Romanum decet pontificem (1692), a Pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule. Every Renaissance Pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice, although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.The institution of the cardinal-nephew evolved over seven centuries, tracking developments in the history of the Papacy and the styles of individual Popes. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, known as the Cardinal Nephew, and thus the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The curial office of the Cardinal Nephew as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of Popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries. The list of cardinal-nephews includes at least fifteen, and possibly as many as nineteen Popes (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII; perhaps also John XIX and Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals; as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators); one antipope (John XXIII); and two or three saints (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if he was really a cardinal).".
- Cardinal-nephew thumbnail Ottoboni1.jpg?width=300.
- Cardinal-nephew wikiPageExternalLink 690.pdf.
- Cardinal-nephew wikiPageExternalLink 2up.
- Cardinal-nephew wikiPageID "11903129".
- Cardinal-nephew wikiPageRevisionID "603745554".
- Cardinal-nephew hasPhotoCollection Cardinal-nephew.
- Cardinal-nephew subject Category:Cardinal-nephews.
- Cardinal-nephew subject Category:College_of_Cardinals.
- Cardinal-nephew subject Category:Nepotism.
- Cardinal-nephew subject Category:Roman_Curia.
- Cardinal-nephew comment "A cardinal-nephew (Latin: cardinalis nepos; Italian: cardinale nipote; Spanish: valido de su tío; French: prince de fortune) is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669.".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Cardeal-sobrinho".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Cardenal nepote".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Cardinal nipote".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Cardinal-nephew".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Cardinal-neveu".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Kardinaal-nepoot".
- Cardinal-nephew label "Kardinalnepot".
- Cardinal-nephew label "الكاردينال-ابن أخ".
- Cardinal-nephew label "姪子樞機".
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Kardinalnepot.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Cardenal_nepote.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Kardinal_nepote.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Cardinal-neveu.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Kardinal_keponakan.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Cardinal_nipote.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Kardinaal-nepoot.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Cardeal-sobrinho.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs m.02rxdn_.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Q890269.
- Cardinal-nephew sameAs Q890269.
- Cardinal-nephew wasDerivedFrom Cardinal-nephew?oldid=603745554.
- Cardinal-nephew depiction Ottoboni1.jpg.
- Cardinal-nephew isPrimaryTopicOf Cardinal-nephew.
