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- Coal abstract "Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and/or heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period. The Energy Information Administration estimates coal reserves at 948×109 short tons (860 Gt). One estimate for resources is 18 000 Gt.Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. In 1999, world gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage were 8,666 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. In 2011, world gross emissions from coal usage were 14,416 million tonnes. Coal-fired electric power generation emits around 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide for every megawatt-hour generated, which is almost double the approximately 1100 pounds of carbon dioxide released by a natural gas-fired electric plant per megawatt-hour generated. Because of this higher carbon efficiency of natural gas generation, as the market in the United States has changed to reduce coal and increase natural gas generation, carbon dioxide emissions have fallen. Those measured in the first quarter of 2012 were the lowest of any recorded for the first quarter of any year since 1992. In 2013, the head of the UN climate agency advised that most of the world's coal reserves should be left in the ground to avoid catastrophic global warming.Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground by shaft mining, or at ground level by open pit mining extraction. Since 1983 the world top coal producer has been China. In 2011 China produced 3,520 millions of tonnes of coal – 49.5% of 7,695 millions tonnes world coal production. In 2011 other large producers were United States (993 millions tonnes), India (589), European Union (576) and Australia (416). In 2010 the largest exporters were Australia with 328 million tonnes (27.1% of world coal export) and Indonesia with 316 millions tonnes (26.1%), while the largest importers were Japan with 207 million tonnes (17.5% of world coal import), China with 195 million tonnes (16.6%) and South Korea with 126 million tonnes (10.7%).".
- Coal thumbnail Coal_anthracite.jpg?width=300.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink energy.cfm?page=coal_home-basics.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink home.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink www.energy.gov.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink www.euracoal.org.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink dclversussicl.pdf.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink coal.
- Coal wikiPageExternalLink www.worldcoal.org.
- Coal wikiPageID "5987".
- Coal wikiPageRevisionID "604920777".
- Coal composition "carbon".
- Coal compositionSecondary "hydrogen,".
- Coal compositionSecondary "nitrogen".
- Coal compositionSecondary "oxygen,".
- Coal compositionSecondary "sulfur,".
- Coal expiry "2014-06-13".
- Coal hasPhotoCollection Coal.
- Coal imageCaption "Anthracite coal".
- Coal name "Coal".
- Coal small "yes".
- Coal type "Sedimentary".
- Coal subject Category:Coal.
- Coal subject Category:Coal_mining.
- Coal subject Category:Economic_geology.
- Coal subject Category:Fuels.
- Coal subject Category:Granular_materials.
- Coal subject Category:Sedimentary_rocks.
- Coal subject Category:Solid_fuels.
- Coal subject Category:Symbols_of_Kentucky.
- Coal subject Category:Symbols_of_Utah.
- Coal comment "Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.".
- Coal label "Carbone".
- Coal label "Carbón".
- Coal label "Carvão mineral".
- Coal label "Charbon".
- Coal label "Coal".
- Coal label "Kohle".
- Coal label "Steenkool".
- Coal label "Węgle kopalne".
- Coal label "Ископаемый уголь".
- Coal label "فحم حجري".
- Coal label "煤".
- Coal label "石炭".
- Coal sameAs Uhlí.
- Coal sameAs Kohle.
- Coal sameAs Γαιάνθρακας_(καύσιμο).
- Coal sameAs Carbón.
- Coal sameAs Harrikatz.
- Coal sameAs Charbon.
- Coal sameAs Batu_bara.
- Coal sameAs Carbone.
- Coal sameAs 石炭.
- Coal sameAs 석탄.
- Coal sameAs Steenkool.
- Coal sameAs Węgle_kopalne.
- Coal sameAs Carvão_mineral.
- Coal sameAs m.01sy7.
- Coal sameAs Q24489.
- Coal sameAs Q24489.
- Coal wasDerivedFrom Coal?oldid=604920777.
- Coal depiction Coal_anthracite.jpg.
- Coal isPrimaryTopicOf Coal.
