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- Confounding abstract "In statistics, a confounding variable (also confounding factor, a confound, or confounder) is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable. A perceived relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that has been misestimated due to the failure to account for a confounding factor is termed a spurious relationship, and the presence of misestimation for this reason is termed omitted-variable bias. In the case of risk assessments evaluating the magnitude and nature of risk to human health, it is important to control for confounding to isolate the effect of a particular hazard such as a food additive, pesticide, or new drug. For prospective studies, it is difficult to recruit and screen for volunteers with the same background (age, diet, education, geography, etc.), and in historical studies, there can be similar variability. Due to the inability to control for variability of volunteers and human studies, confounding is a particular challenge. For these reasons, experiments offer a way to avoid most forms of confounding.As an example, suppose that there is a statistical relationship between ice-cream consumption and number of drowning deaths for a given period. These two variables have a positive correlation with each other. An evaluator might attempt to explain this correlation by inferring a causal relationship between the two variables (either that ice-cream causes drowning, or that drowning causes ice-cream consumption). However, a more likely explanation is that the relationship between ice-cream consumption and drowning is spurious and that a third, confounding, variable (the season) influences both variables: during the summer, warmer temperatures lead to increased ice-cream consumption as well as more people swimming and thus more drowning deaths.While specific definitions may vary, in essence a confounding variable fits the following four criteria, here given in a hypothetical situation with variable of interest "V", confounding variable "C" and outcome of interest "O":1. C is associated (inversely or directly) with O2. C is associated with O, independent of V3. C is associated (inversely or directly) with V4. C is not in the causal pathway of V to O (C is not a direct consequence of V, not a way by which V produces O)In a more concrete example, say one is studying the relation between birth order (1st child, 2nd child, etc.) and the presence of Down's Syndrome in the child. In this scenario, maternal age would be a confounding variable:1. Higher maternal age is directly associated with Down's Syndrome in the child2. Higher maternal age is directly associated with Down's Syndrome, regardless of birth order (a mother having her 1st vs 3rd child at age 50 confers the same risk)3. Maternal age is directly associated with birth order (the 2nd child, except in the case of twins, is born when the mother is older than she was for the birth of the 1st child)4. Maternal age is not a consequence of birth order (having a 2nd child does not change the mother's age)".
- Confounding thumbnail Simple_Confounding_Case.svg?width=300.
- Confounding wikiPageExternalLink R256.pdf.
- Confounding wikiPageExternalLink node38.html.
- Confounding wikiPageExternalLink linreg.htm.
- Confounding wikiPageExternalLink confounds.html.
- Confounding wikiPageID "3105999".
- Confounding wikiPageRevisionID "602125831".
- Confounding hasPhotoCollection Confounding.
- Confounding subject Category:Analysis_of_variance.
- Confounding subject Category:Causal_inference.
- Confounding subject Category:Design_of_experiments.
- Confounding subject Category:Statistical_terminology.
- Confounding comment "In statistics, a confounding variable (also confounding factor, a confound, or confounder) is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.".
- Confounding label "Confounding".
- Confounding label "Factor de confusión".
- Confounding label "Störfaktor".
- Confounding label "Variable parasite".
- Confounding label "Variável de confusão".
- Confounding label "交絡".
- Confounding sameAs Störfaktor.
- Confounding sameAs Factor_de_confusión.
- Confounding sameAs Variable_parasite.
- Confounding sameAs 交絡.
- Confounding sameAs Variável_de_confusão.
- Confounding sameAs m.08rswx.
- Confounding sameAs Q1125472.
- Confounding sameAs Q1125472.
- Confounding wasDerivedFrom Confounding?oldid=602125831.
- Confounding depiction Simple_Confounding_Case.svg.
- Confounding isPrimaryTopicOf Confounding.
