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- Crystallography abstract "Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in solids (see crystal structure). The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon "cold drop, frozen drop," with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho "I write." In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography. X-ray crystallography is used to determine the structure of large biomolecules, such as proteins. Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on their geometry. This involves measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. The former is carried out using a goniometer. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net, e.g. Wulff net or Lambert net. In fact, the pole to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its Miller index. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established.Crystallographic methods now depend on the analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. Although X-rays are most commonly used, the beam is not always electromagnetic radiation. For some purposes electrons or neutrons are used. This is facilitated by the wave properties of the particles. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of illumination used when referring to a method, as with the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction.These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of the valence electrons, while electrons are charged particles and therefore feel the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the surrounding electrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. When neutrons are scattered from hydrogen-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels. However, the material can sometimes be treated to substitute deuterium for hydrogen. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.".
- Crystallography thumbnail Stohrem.jpg?width=300.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink spcgrp.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink nanocrystallography.net.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink celebrating-crystallography.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink crystallography-timeline.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink www.AmerCrystalAssn.org.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink www.iucr.org.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink pamphlets.html.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink www.vega.org.uk.
- Crystallography wikiPageExternalLink index-en.html.
- Crystallography wikiPageID "7794".
- Crystallography wikiPageRevisionID "602066702".
- Crystallography hasPhotoCollection Crystallography.
- Crystallography subject Category:Chemistry.
- Crystallography subject Category:Condensed_matter_physics.
- Crystallography subject Category:Crystallography.
- Crystallography subject Category:Instrumental_analysis.
- Crystallography subject Category:Materials_science.
- Crystallography subject Category:Neutron-related_techniques.
- Crystallography subject Category:Synchrotron-related_techniques.
- Crystallography comment "Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in solids (see crystal structure). The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon "cold drop, frozen drop," with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho "I write." In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.".
- Crystallography label "Cristallografia".
- Crystallography label "Cristallographie".
- Crystallography label "Cristalografia".
- Crystallography label "Cristalografía".
- Crystallography label "Crystallography".
- Crystallography label "Kristallografie".
- Crystallography label "Kristallographie".
- Crystallography label "Krystalografia".
- Crystallography label "Кристаллография".
- Crystallography label "علم البلورات".
- Crystallography label "晶体学".
- Crystallography label "結晶学".
- Crystallography sameAs Krystalografie.
- Crystallography sameAs Kristallographie.
- Crystallography sameAs Κρυσταλλογραφία.
- Crystallography sameAs Cristalografía.
- Crystallography sameAs Kristalografia.
- Crystallography sameAs Cristallographie.
- Crystallography sameAs Kristalografi.
- Crystallography sameAs Cristallografia.
- Crystallography sameAs 結晶学.
- Crystallography sameAs 결정학.
- Crystallography sameAs Kristallografie.
- Crystallography sameAs Krystalografia.
- Crystallography sameAs Cristalografia.
- Crystallography sameAs m.025t9.
- Crystallography sameAs Mx4rv3Ty15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA.
- Crystallography sameAs Q160398.
- Crystallography sameAs Q160398.
- Crystallography wasDerivedFrom Crystallography?oldid=602066702.
- Crystallography depiction Stohrem.jpg.
- Crystallography isPrimaryTopicOf Crystallography.
