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- Cyclic_di-GMP abstract "Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by eukaryotes or archaea. The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus.In structure, it is a cycle containing only two guanine bases linked by ribose and phosphate.In bacteria, certain signals are communicated by synthesizing or degrading cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP is synthesized by proteins with diguanylate cyclase activity. These proteins typically have a characteristic GGDEF motif, which refers to a conserved sequence of five amino acids. Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is effected by proteins with phosphodiesterase activity. These proteins have either an EAL or an HD-GYP amino acid motif. Processes that are known to be regulated using cyclic di-GMP, at least in some organisms, include biofilm formation, motility and induction of virulence factors.Cyclic di-GMP levels are regulated using a variety of mechanisms. Many proteins with GGDEF, EAL or HD-GYP domains are found with other domains that can receive signals, such as PAS domains. Enzymes that degrade or synthesize cyclic di-GMP are believed to be localized to specific regions of the cell, where they influence receivers in a restricted space. In Gluconacetobacter xylinus c-di-GMP stimulates the polymerization of glucose into cellulose as a high affinity allosteric activator of the enzyme cellulose synthase. Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP levels regulate other processes via a number of mechanisms. The Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose synthase is allosterically stimulated by cyclic di-GMP, presenting a mechanism by which cyclic di-GMP can regulate cellulose synthase activity. The PilZ domain has been shown to bind cyclic di-GMP and is believed to be involved in cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation, but the mechanism by which it does this is unknown. Recent structural studies of PilZ domains from two bacterial species have demonstrated that PilZ domains change conformation drastically upon binding to cyclic di-GMP. This leads to the strong inference that conformational changes in PilZ domains allow the activity of targeted effector proteins (such as cellulose synthase) to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP. Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate gene expression in response to cyclic di-GMP concentrations in a variety of bacteria, but not all bacteria that are known to use cyclic di-GMP.".
- Cyclic_di-GMP thumbnail Cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png?width=300.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageID "17913100".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageRevisionID "603317742".
- Cyclic_di-GMP hasPhotoCollection Cyclic_di-GMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP imagefile "cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png".
- Cyclic_di-GMP imagesize "200".
- Cyclic_di-GMP othernames "Cyclic diguanylate; 3',5'-Cyclic diguanylic acid; c-di-GMP; 5GP-5GP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP verifiedfields "changed".
- Cyclic_di-GMP verifiedrevid "448724790".
- Cyclic_di-GMP watchedfields "changed".
- Cyclic_di-GMP subject Category:Nucleotides.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Abstraction100002137.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Chemical114806838.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Compound114818238.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Ester114850483.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Material114580897.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Matter100020827.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Nucleotide114964590.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Nucleotides.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type OrganicCompound114727670.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Part113809207.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type PhysicalEntity100001930.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Relation100031921.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Substance100019613.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalCompound.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalSubstance.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalSubstanceType.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalObject.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Thing.
- Cyclic_di-GMP comment "Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by eukaryotes or archaea.".
- Cyclic_di-GMP label "Cyclic di-GMP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP label "Cyclisch diguanylaat".
- Cyclic_di-GMP label "Di-guanosine monophosphate cyclique".
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Di-guanosine_monophosphate_cyclique.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Cyclisch_diguanylaat.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs m.047l9wj.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Q2649761.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Q2649761.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Cyclic_di-GMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wasDerivedFrom Cyclic_di-GMP?oldid=603317742.
- Cyclic_di-GMP depiction Cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png.
- Cyclic_di-GMP isPrimaryTopicOf Cyclic_di-GMP.
