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- DNA abstract "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), or cytosine (C)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA.DNA is well-suited for biological information storage. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve a function of encoding proteins.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel, one backbone being 3′ (three prime) and the other 5′ (five prime). This refers to the direction the 3rd and 5th carbon on the sugar molecule is facing. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.Scientists use DNA as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym "desoxyribonucleic acid" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.".
- DNA thumbnail DNA_Structure+Key+Labelled.pn_NoBB.png?width=300.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink rfranklin.html.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink dna_double_helix.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink abstract.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink displar.html.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink www.dnaftb.org.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink www.dnalc.org.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink Unlinked_DNA.html.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink 10506367.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink 10506718.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink encode.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink archive.html.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink crick-s-medal-goes-under-the-hammer-1.12705.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink Crick%20letter%20to%20Michael.pdf.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink DNA50.
- DNA wikiPageExternalLink dna-article.pdf.
- DNA wikiPageID "7955".
- DNA wikiPageRevisionID "606146909".
- DNA by "no".
- DNA expiry "2015-05-08".
- DNA hasPhotoCollection DNA.
- DNA label "DNA".
- DNA lcheading "DNA".
- DNA onlinebooks "yes".
- DNA small "yes".
- DNA subject Category:DNA.
- DNA subject Category:Genetics.
- DNA subject Category:Helices.
- DNA comment "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.".
- DNA label "Acide désoxyribonucléique".
- DNA label "DNA".
- DNA label "DNA".
- DNA label "Desoxyribonucleïnezuur".
- DNA label "Desoxyribonukleinsäure".
- DNA label "Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy".
- DNA label "Ácido desoxirribonucleico".
- DNA label "Ácido desoxirribonucleico".
- DNA label "Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота".
- DNA label "الحمض النووي الريبوزي المنقوص الأكسجين".
- DNA label "デオキシリボ核酸".
- DNA label "脱氧核糖核酸".
- DNA sameAs DNA.
- DNA sameAs Desoxyribonukleinsäure.
- DNA sameAs DNA.
- DNA sameAs Ácido_desoxirribonucleico.
- DNA sameAs Azido_desoxirribonukleiko.
- DNA sameAs Acide_désoxyribonucléique.
- DNA sameAs Asam_deoksiribonukleat.
- DNA sameAs DNA.
- DNA sameAs デオキシリボ核酸.
- DNA sameAs DNA.
- DNA sameAs Desoxyribonucleïnezuur.
- DNA sameAs Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy.
- DNA sameAs Ácido_desoxirribonucleico.
- DNA sameAs m.026w5.
- DNA sameAs Q7430.
- DNA sameAs Q7430.
- DNA wasDerivedFrom DNA?oldid=606146909.
- DNA depiction DNA_Structure+Key+Labelled.pn_NoBB.png.
- DNA homepage dna_double_helix.
- DNA isPrimaryTopicOf DNA.
